1870.] Beer, Scientifically and Socially Considered. 807 



lique screen, and during its passage the malt dust and radicles are 

 removed. These make an excellent food for cattle, varying in value 

 from 51. to 11. per ton, according to the requirements of the season. 

 This completes the malting process ; and now we pass on to the 

 brewing, which commences with the grinding of the malt. By- 

 means of a " Jacob's ladder," it is conveyed to an upper story, and 

 there allowed to fall into a hopper, which feeds a pair of smooth 

 rollers, very similar to those used in an oil mill for rolling linseed. 

 Being thus split, and partially ground, it is carried along the chamber 

 floor by means of an Archimedian screw, and passed through a hole 

 in the floor into a large hopper in the story below. This hopper is 

 fixed above the " mash-tun," or " mash-tub," where the ground malt 

 is mixed with water at a temperature of 170° to 180°, and undergoes 

 the mashing process. The room in which we are now supposed to 

 stand contains eight such tubs, each capable of treating fifty quarters 

 of malt, and two of them are shown in Plate II., the one closed and 

 the other open. I was, unfortunately, unable to obtain a sketch, 

 which would fully illustrate the mashing process, but will endeavour 

 to make it as clear as possible with the means at my command.* 

 The mash-tun has a false bottom, composed of radiating sections, 

 the object of this being to take them out to clean after each mashing. 

 Then there revolve in the tub two kinds of apparatus, the one for 

 " mashing," the other for " sparging," to be explained presently. 

 An upright spindle revolves in the centre of the tun ; and rotating 

 with it, is a strong horizontal wooden pole, having one end affixed 

 to the central spindle, and the other end, to which a cog-wheel is at- 

 tached, resting upon rack- work that runs completely round the inside 

 of the tun. The arrangement will be better understood if the reader 

 pictures to himself one of those " roundabouts," on which children ride 

 at fairs, with the horizontal pole resting on rack- work, which is visible 

 in the plate. Along the rotating horizontal pole there are placed 

 several beaters, somewhat resembling the rakes upon a reaping ma- 

 chine, but armed with teeth on either side. I have sketched (Fig. 9) 



Fig. 9. 



one of these beaters with a portion of the horizontal pole, and by a 

 suitable mechanism the beaters are made to revolve vertically in the 



* All the page plates are copied from photographs kindly lent me by the 

 Messrs. Allsopp. 



