1870.] Zoology. 575 



Gazette,' of Greene's ' Manuals of the Ccelenterata and Protozoa ' 

 published eleven years since, and of Woodward's ' Mollusca ' pub- 

 lished fourteen years since. The only additions appear to relate to 

 the geological range of the various groups of animals. No attempt 

 is made to give any of the later results o£ investigation, nor to seek 

 information from original memoirs. The writer gives his state- 

 ments at third-hand, and with the exception of some rough diagrams, 

 his figures have appeared in many a manual of zoology published 

 during the last twenty years. 



Chloral, the Neiv Opiate. — It is little more than a year since 

 Liebreich suggested the use of the hydrate of chloral as an anodyne, 

 and a few grains of it were obtained at the Exeter meeting of the 

 British Association, through the Pharmaceutical Association, for 

 experiment. Within six months of that time, such is the rapidity 

 with which the medical profession avails itself of any new and 

 valuable discovery, chloral was in daily use in nearly every London 

 and provincial hospital. However much we may complain of back- 

 wardness in England in some scientific matters, we cannot but ex- 

 press admiration at the remarkable activity of our medical men. It 

 has been urged upon the bodies who are sending relief to the 

 wounded soldiers in France, to forward chloral and chloroform. 

 Any individual who should go the round of the hospitals, or even 

 on the battle-fields themselves, and administer chloral to those suffer- 

 ing from the pain of wounds, would be able to spare an immense 

 amount of agony, and save many lives. This is one of the adjuncts 

 of war which science offers as a set off to her mitrailleurs. Chloral 

 has also lately been used with much success in some cases by Dr. 

 Kobert Caton, in making various physiological experiments in place 

 of curare or chloroform. His methods of studying the tissues of 

 living animals under the microscope, are published by him in the 

 last number of the ' Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/ 

 We hear also that Dr. Sanderson, F.B.S., and Professor Strieker, 

 of Yienna, who is now on a visit to this country, have succeeded by 

 the use of chloral, and by proper precautions for maintaining 

 temperature, in studying the living circulation of small mammalia, 

 so as to extend to the mammalia the inquiries commenced by Waller, 

 lately renewed by Cohnheim, as to the emigration of blood-corpuscles 

 from the blood-vessels in inflammation. This is most important 

 as bearing on human pathology and physiology, for hitherto such 

 observations had been confined to the cold-blooded vertebrata — 

 almost entirely, in fact, to fish and frogs, or toads. 



