374 



Dr. T. Carnelley on the 



in the case of the ethyl carbonates and ethyl sulphocarbonates, 

 the introduction of an atom of S into the ethylated radical is 

 accompanied by a rise of 40° in the boiling-point, and by a 

 rise of 44° when the S is introduced into the carbonyl group, 

 except as regards the first member of the series : — 



rol OC 2 H 5 

 cu toc 2 n 5 



Boiling-point. . . 125° 



CO 



cs 



156° 



oc, ir s 

 oo;h s 



161° 



196° 



r „ roc.,H 5 



Boiling-point ... 200° 



c « f SC 2 H 5 



0b lSC. 2 H 5 

 240°. 



From the following Table it is seen that an ethereal salt of 

 a hydroxy-acid boils 20° higher than its methoxy derivative, 

 and that the ethyl salts of a hydroxy- and an ethoxy-acid have 

 nearly the same boiling-point. Further, the boiling-point of 

 an ethereal salt rises 20° for the first addition of CH 2 to the 

 alcohol-radical and 26° for the second; but only 6° and 8° 

 respectively for a similar addition to the saline radical 

 (Schreiner, Ber. dent. chem. Ges. xii. p. 179). Again, the 

 methyl and ethyl acids boil exactly 40° higher than their cor- 

 responding ethyl salts. 



Alcohol- 

 radical. 



Grlycollates. 



Lactates. 



OH. 



CH 3 . 



C 2 H 5 . 



C 3 H 7 . 



OH. 



CH 3 . 



C 2 H 6 . 



■ f'OH ... 



J.8J CH 3- 

 mt Lo 8 hJ.. 







151 

 160 

 170 





 178 

 132 

 138 

 147 



199 

 152 

 158 

 166 







178 

 184 

 192 







145 

 155 





 136 





 195 



155 



Alcohol- 

 radical. 



Oxybutyrates. 



Oxyisobutyrates. 



OH. 



CH 3 . 



C 2 H 5 . 



OH. 



C 2 H 5 . 



m -3 fOH... 

 §gJCH 3 ... 

 ^ ^ 1 C 2 H,.. 





 167 





 148 





 167 



21°2 

 151 





 155 



Those benzene hydrocarbons containing an even number 

 of methyl groups are solid, whereas those containing an odd 

 number are liquid, or melt very much lower. The difference 

 between the boiling-points also changes periodically from 30° : 

 to 25° (Jannasch, Ann. Chem. clxxvi. p. 283). These facts 

 are probably due to the circumstance that in those hydrocar- 

 bons containing an even number of methyl groups the latter 



