of Chemical Operations, 423 



And, in fact, the action of chlorine on marsh-gas produces 

 four products of substitution — -chloride of methyl CH 3 CI ; 

 chloruretted chloride of methyl, CH 2 Cl 2 ; chloroform, CH Cl 3 ; 

 perchloride of carbon, C Cl 4 — and four only. 



Similarly, ammonia having as its formula NH 3 , and chlo- 

 ride of ammonium NH 4 CI, we ought to be able to substitute 

 three alcoholic radicals for the hydrogen of ammonia, and four 

 of these radicals for the hydrogen of ammonium contained in 

 the ammonia chloride, whence result three compound free 

 ammonias and three only, four compound ammoniums in the 

 state of combination and four only, as indicated by the fol- 

 lowing equations : — 



NH 3 + C 2 H 5 1 = HI + NH 2 (C 2 H 5 ) = ethylamine ; 

 NH 2 (C 2 H 5 ) + C 2 H 5 1 = HI + NH (C 2 H 5 ) 2 = diethylamine ; 

 NH (C 2 H 5 ) 2 + C 2 H 5 1 = HI + N (C 2 H 5 ) 3 = triethylamine ; 

 N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 + C 2 H 5 I=N(C 2 H 5 ) 4 1 = iodide of triethylammo- 



nium. 



And this is, in fact, what occurs : each compound monatomic 

 alcohol-radical produces three compound free ammonias and 

 one quaternary ammonium, and these four ammonia derivatives 

 only. Finally, from the relations which exist between the de- 

 rivatives of the chlorine substitution of hydrocarbons and 

 alcohols, the latter also are considered as products of sub- 

 stitution resulting from the exchange of H, CI, Br, or I for 

 the group OH. From the relations which connect alcohols 

 to aldehydes, aldehydes to acids, acids to amides, the number 

 of alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and amides is limited, like that of 

 the chlorine derivatives, by the number of chlorine derivatives 

 contained in each hydrocarbon. 



It is not the same with Sir B. C. Brodie's notation. Marsh- 

 gas, for example, being a 2 k( = CH 2 , C = 6), and chlorine being 

 a^ 2 , the reaction of chlorine on the hydrocarbon becomes 



x 2 k + ctx 2 = «% + « 2 k%. 



Marsh-gas. Chlorine. Chlorhydric Chloride 

 acid. of methyl. 



That is to say, the chloride of methyl, which in our notation 

 corresponds to the formula CH 3 CI, and represents a product 

 of substitution of chlorine for hydrogen, in Sir B. C. Brodie's 

 notation represents a simple addition of the prime factors 

 of chlorine % to marsh-gas. Similarly, methylic alcohol, 

 CH 3 , OH, which in our notation is a product of substitution, 

 becomes in the new notation o?k% — that is to say, a simple 

 product of addition. 



