1867.] Arehssdogy and Ethnology. 81 



to lancets no larger than the blade of a penknife, and piercing 

 instruments of the size of the smallest bodkin ; " and in horn or 

 bone every variety of chisel, awl, harpoon, and arrow, with, lastly, 

 K eyed needles of compact bone, finely pointed, polished, and drilled, 

 with round eyes so small and regular," that it requires experiment 

 to prove that they could have been drilled with stone. Although 

 we have dwelt too long on this most interesting publication in 

 its unfinished state, we must just mention that it shows already 

 that in these caves the works of art were discovered which have 

 already been noticed and figured in this Journal.* MM. Lartet 

 and Christy have, indeed, proved that, so far as we know, France 

 was the birth-place of the Fine Arts, the Dordogne Caves having 

 furnished evidence of the cultivation by the rock-dwellers of Music, 

 Painting, and Sculpture, Music being represented by whistles made 

 out of the phalangeal bones of the reindeer or chamois ; Sculpture 

 by an ornamented poniard-handle and many similar examples, 

 figured as before cited ; and Painting by the traditional red ochre 

 paint of the savage. 



Dr. Ferdinand Keller's * Lake-dwellings of Switzerland and 

 other parts of Europe/f which has been translated and arranged 

 by Mr. J. E. Lee, is a work of hardly less interest, and claims 

 also a special notice at our hands. The lake-dwellings consist of 

 pile-dwellings, fascine-dwellings, and crannoges. The pile-dwellings 

 were thus built: piles having been driven into the bed of the 

 lake, their heads were brought to a level and connected by 

 platform-beams, fastened either by wooden pins or by means of 

 mortises or central hollows in the heads of the vertical piles ; and 

 the hold of the piles in the bed of the lake was in some cases further 

 strengthened by large quantities of stones being brought in boats 

 and sunk around them. 



The fascine-dwellings have a very peculiarly constructed founda- 

 tion, which was composed of horizontal layers of twigs instead of 

 vertical piles ; but a few of the latter were also used as stays or 

 guides for the great mass of sticks. These fascine-dwellings are to 

 some extent of similar construction to the crannoges, which consist 

 of the following portions : (1 .) an outer rim, or stockade of piles or 

 boards, enclosing either a circular or oval space, the lowest bed 

 within which is made up of "a mass of ferns, branches, and other 

 vegetable matter, generally covered over with a layer of round logs, 

 cut into lengths of from four to six feet, over which is usually 

 found a quantity of clay, gravel, and stones." 



Such are the varieties of substructure of the lake- dwellings ; but 



* No. III., July, 1864, pp. 578-582. 



t * The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and Other Parts of Europe.' By 

 Ferdinand Keller, President of the Antiquarian Association of Zurich. Trans- 

 lated hy J. E. Lee, F.S.A., F.G.S. Longmans. 



VOL. IV. G 



