1867.] Engineering — Civil and Mechanical. 247 



and Merthyr system has been completed ; thus opening a new route 

 from Swansea, Llanelly, and the western districts of South Wales to 

 North Wales, Birkenhead, Liverpool, Manchester, &c. 



With reference to Kailways abroad, we notice that the line over 

 Mont Cenis is rapidly approaching completion ; and it is expected 

 that the section between Modane and Susa will be opened by May 

 next, and that the whole will be completed by the following July. 

 Several lines of railway in and about Paris have recently been com- 

 pleted, and others are in contemplation in connection with the 

 Chemin de Fer du Ceinture. In Prussia, the construction of rail- 

 ways from Harburg, opposite Hamburg, to Stade and Cuxhaven, 

 and from Nordhausen, in Central Grermany, to Erfurt, have been 

 commenced. In Kussia, much has already been done, and out of 

 3,235 miles sanctioned, 2,570 are open to the public. There is the 

 Trunk line of 400 miles, from St. Petersburg to Moscow; the St. 

 Petersburg and Warsaw line of about 800 miles, with a branch to 

 the Prussian frontier ; several short branch lines from St. Petersburg, 

 and the line from Warsaw to the Austrian frontier, about 446 miles. 

 Southwards, there is a line from Odessa to Balta, with a branch to 

 Tiraspol to the west. About ninety miles of line are being made in 

 the valleys of the Yolga and the Don. Lines will radiate from 

 Moscow to Nijni Novgorod, to Serguicosk, to Kiasan and Koslof. 

 About 630 miles are being made from Orel, via Smolensk and 

 Uitepsk, to Dunaburg, which will give those towns direct com- 

 munication with the Baltic at Riga. The further extensions con- 

 templated will complete the through communication between the 

 Baltic provinces and the south, including the parts of the Black 

 Sea, the Sea of Asof, and the Caspian Sea. The lines recently 

 opened in Italy, consist of that connecting Pa via, Cremona, and 

 Brescia ; and the line between Catania and Messina. Passengers 

 can now go from Florence to Kome in twelve hours by way of 

 Perugia, the line between Arezzo and Foligno being now completed. 

 The month of January last witnessed the opening of a railway 

 section from Pasewolk to the frontier of Mecklenburg ; the com- 

 pletion of this link is of the greatest importance to Stettin, as the 

 Pomeranian network of lines will now be united to a vast district, 

 comprising the whole territory of Mecklenburg, Schleswig, Lauen- 

 burg, the Hanse Towns, and a great part of Hanover. The 

 Estramadura Bail way, also recently opened, establishes an unin- 

 terrupted communication between Lisbon and St. Petersburg, by 

 means of a line of rails 3,940 miles in length, which, starting 

 from the north of the Tagus, terminates for the present at the con- 

 fluence of the Yolga and the Oka, at Nijni Novgorod, passing 

 through Madrid, Paris, Brussels, Berlin, and Warsaw. In India, 

 several short but important sections of railway have recently been 

 completed. The first train ran into Delhi on the morning of the 



