1867.] International Exhibitions. w± 



of Grossouvre (department of Cher) sent specimens of rolled iron. 

 Four years after this the sixth Exposition, held in 1823, marked 

 the progress winch had been made in the application of the 

 improved manufacture of iron to machinery and construction, and 

 the consequent development of Civil Engineering as a profession. 

 A model of the first French Suspension Bridge, designed by Messrs. 

 Seguin, intended to cross the Khone between Tain and Tournon, 

 was there exhibited. After another interval of four years, the 

 seventh Exposition was opened on 1st August, 1827. The 

 collection exhibited showed the influence which steam, as a motive 

 power, was beginning to exert on manufactures, both by improving 

 their quality, and cheapening the cost of their production. 



The eighth Exposition was opened in the Place de la Concorde, 

 on 1st May, 1834. Among the chief novelties exhibited there 

 may be mentioned paper-hangings printed from cylinders, by 

 Zuber, of Mulhausen ; the revival of the arts of enamel and niello 

 by Wagner ; the formation of elastic tissues by means of india- 

 rubber ; the revival of the art of wood-engraving, and the attempt 

 to rival the excellence of Boule and Eiessner in marqueterie and 

 inlaid work. 



The ninth Exposition, held in 1839, illustrated the steady 

 development of success in manufactures in the production of vast 

 quantities of goods at the lowest prices, a practice which had not 

 previously found much favour in France. Five years after this the 

 tenth Exposition was opened on 1st May, 1844, and it is said to 

 have been the most successful of the series, and to have illustrated 

 in the most decided manner the influence of long-continued peace 

 on the industry and productive powers of France. On that occasion 

 the first specimens of Daguerreotype were exhibited. Altogether 

 no fewer than 3,960 manufacturers exhibited, of whom 3,253 were 

 more or less honourably recognized by the jury. 



After an interval of five years came the eleventh Exposition, 

 which was opened in the Champs Elysees on 4th June, 1849. 

 Since the former Exposition the empire of Louis Philippe had been 

 swept away, and a republic raised upon its ruins ; arrangements 

 were, however, made for giving it an air of greater magnificence 

 than any which had preceded it. The area of the building (exclusive 

 of an enormous agricultural shed) was equal to about 5 acres 2-J 

 rods ; the number of exhibitors amounted to 4,494, and that of the 

 central jury to 64. In this Exposition live stock and agricultural 

 produce were, for the first time, admitted to compete for prizes. It 

 is worthy of remark that previous to this Exposition the idea was 

 proposed, and rejected, to invite other nations to contribute, in 

 order that the French might be made acquainted with the skill of 

 hose nations with which they so often come into competition in 

 oreign markets. The building erected for the purposes of this 



