37 



themselves to open fields during the daytime, where they feed on grubs and worms; and at 

 nightfall they frequently roost in a group of trees, occupying some exposed situation, unless the 

 weather happens to be very severe, when they are glad to seek the shelter of garden shrubs and 

 bushes. In the memorable frost of 1860-61 great numbers perished during a snow-storm of 

 unusual severity. My friend Dr. J. Grieve informed me that he had seen at Dunoon, in Argyll- 

 shire, twenty or thirty dead Redwings lying huddled together under a laurel bush after the 

 storm. The Outer Hebrides are visited also by small flocks of this species, which appears to 

 linger there even longer than it does on the mainland. The late Dr. Macgillivray has stated in 

 his work on British birds that he has seen specimens on the 25th of May, in Harris, the same 

 island on which Mr. Bullock had found the Redwing breeding in 1818. This circumstance is 

 mentioned in Fleming's ' History of British Animals,' the author having been informed by Mr. 

 Bullock hi a letter dated 25th of April, 1819. A manuscript note in Mr. Dunn's copy of Messrs. 

 Baikie and Heddle's work states that the Redwing breeds in these islands." 



In the Faeroes, according to Miiller, it appears regularly in April and May in flocks, but soon 

 leaves. In the autumn it comes in September. In 1847 numbers came on the 2nd of April; 

 and in 1859 they arrived later, but remained longer, as the winter was so severe in Iceland. 

 In Norway it is common ; and, according to our friend Mr. Robert Collett, it prefers in the 

 interior the subalpine region to the lowlands, and breeds numerously on the fells from the 

 upper portion of the fir-region up into the birch-region, but also in small numbers in the 

 lower regions, as for instance at Smaalehnene. On the west coast it is found commonly to the 

 sea-coast, and up northwards to the Russian frontier. In spring and autumn it visits the low- 

 lands in large flocks, and a few remain over the winter in the south and on the west coast. 

 At Christiania it arrives tolerably regularly about the middle of April. In Sweden, according 

 to Nilsson, it occurs only in the high north during the summer season, migrating southward in 

 the autumn ; but Dr. Holtz quotes two instances of its having nested on Gottland. Pastor 

 Sommerfeldt found it common on the Varanger Fiord during the summer season ; and Mr. 

 Wheelwright records it as equally common with the Fieldfare in Quickjock, Lapland. In 

 Finland it is more abundant in the northern than in other portions of the country ; but Von 

 Wright states that it is very common near ELuopio, especially at Haminanlaks. Dresser found 

 it numerous near Uleaborg, where it breeds, though not in such large numbers as the Fieldfares. 

 It does not appear to be very common in Russia. Mr. Sabanaeff records it as rare in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Moscow, though not so in the Government of Perm. It increases in number 

 annually, and is said to breed in the Government of Tula. Sabanaeff found it breeding all 

 through the Perm Government, except in the black-soil districts ; but it is there much rarer 

 than the Song-Thrush. In Poland, our friend Dr. L. Taczanowski informs us, " it is very 

 numerous in the spring and autumn, but does not remain during the summer or winter. A few, 

 however, probably breed in the northern part of the Government of Suwatki ; for 1 heard a male 

 sing in the month of June for several successive days in the same locality, but could not find the 

 nest. Tyzenhauz says that a few breed in Lithuania. Professor Bogdanoff records it as found 

 near Kazan during migration, appearing in spring in the month of April, whereas in Poland it 

 arrives about the end of March. It does not breed in South-eastern Siberia." 



According to Naumann it passes through Germany on its way to and from its winter 



