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Smyrna during the winter. Professor von Nordmann states that " in the Crimea and near 

 Odessa it is often found in considerable numbers during the migration in spring and autumn. It 

 winters in the neighbourhood of Odessa." Mr. H. Goebel also observes that it passes " regularly 

 through Uman, in Southern Russia, in March and September or October. A few remained 

 during the winter of 1869-70." Menetries killed it " often enough on the mountains of Talyche 

 in the month of June ; " and Lehmann met with it at Orenburg. 



We now come to India, where the bird has been called Turdus hodgsoni ; but the differences 

 mentioned by Dr. Jerdon below do not hold good. The last-named author writes, in his ' Birds 

 of India': — "This bird, which so closely resembles the Missel-Thrush of Europe, has been 

 separated on account of its large size ; the bill is longer, the colour less rufous above, and less 

 tinged with ferruginous beneath, and the throat and breast are also less streaked. It has only 

 been taken in the N.-W. Himalayas. Specimens from Mussoorie and Kumaon are in our 

 museums. I did not procure it in Sikkim." Colonel Tytler, in a letter to 'The Ibis' for 1869, 

 describes the young of Turdus hodgsoni ; but we have been able to match his descriptions with 

 English specimens. He next proceeds : — 



"The resemblance which this species bears to the European T. viscivorus is very great; but 

 there is a decided difference between the two species. For instance, a young male of the 

 European bird in my collection, to all appearance about the same age as No. 1 above described, 

 is of a much lighter and more rufous brown than the Indian ; the head also is more considerably 

 albescent, as is the upper part of the back ; and both are dotted with blackish brown, darkest on 

 the back. There is also a well-defined dark superciliary streak, of which the Indian specimen 

 has no trace. In the European bird the secondaries and some of the other wing-feathers are 

 broadly edged with rufous white, and the flanks are strongly tinged with rufous, which is not the 

 case with the Indian species. Even in the adult female there is a striking difference between the 

 two birds; for an example from France of that age and sex has the edge of its wing-feathers 

 white, the spots on the lower surface extend almost to the chin, and there is a decided rufous 

 tinge on the flanks, whereas in T. hodgsoni the throat and chin are white, and the rufous tinge 

 on the flanks is entirely wanting. 



" I have had several opportunities of observing this species, and have always found it on 

 hills well covered with forest trees. The moment the birds are disturbed, they utter a peculiar 

 note, which appears to be taken up by others, should there be any more about. They are not 

 at first difficult to approach, but when fired at become exceedingly wild. The young, while 

 following their mother, extend and keep constantly flapping their wings, keeping up all the 

 time an incessant calling ; but the moment they are disturbed by a shot being fired at them, 

 they conceal themselves among the branches and leaves, and are with the greatest difficulty 

 discovered." Major Irby found the Missel-Thrush common in Kumaon; and Dr. Leith Adams, 

 in his paper on the Birds of Cashmere, writes as follows : — " In the lower and middle regions 

 of the Western Himalayas, common ; plentiful in the forests of Cashmere ; pretty common in 

 the forests and in sequestered valleys of the Cashmere ranges, particularly pine or oak forests." 



The following is Mr. Robert Gray's note on the Missel-Thrush in Scotland : — " During the 

 last thirty years there has been a gradual increase of the numbers of this species throughout 

 Scotland. So recently as 1830 it was rather an unusual circumstance to find a Missel-Thrush 



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