50 



10 



but at other times is not numerous ; in mild winters it remains there, leaving for the north in 

 the latter part of March. Lord Lilford, in his essay on the birds observed by him in the Ionian 

 Islands and Epirus, remarks as follows : — " I, on one occasion only, saw this species in these 

 parts; this was near Kataito, in Epirus, on the 23rd February 1858." Dr. Kriiper writes to 

 us that he has found it occasionally in Greece during the winter; and Lindermayer says that 

 it arrives with other migrants in that country during severe winters, but is certainly rare in 

 the Peloponnesus and on the islands. In Turkey, Messrs. Elwes and Buckley record it as 

 plentiful during the winter in suitable situations; and Mr. Robson, of Ortakeuy, sends us the 

 following note : — " These birds are numerous in European and Asiatic Turkey, where they 

 arrive early in the autumn, leaving us about the middle of April ; they are never seen in 

 summer. Quantities are shot by sportsmen in the winter for the table. I have noticed that 

 they feed much on bare mountains." 



Professor Nordmann says that it is very common during winter in Southern Russia, arriving 

 in the autumn in large flocks with the Missel-Thrush (Turdus mscivorus). He further states 

 that he has killed individuals near Odessa a third larger than the ordinary-sized birds of this 

 species. Professor Kessler says that it " arrives in Podolia, Volhynia, and Kiew in large numbers 

 in October and November, and again in March and April. As far as I know, none winter with 

 us at Kiew ; but a few remain through the summer." According to Professor BogdanofF it is very 

 common in the Governments of Simbirsk and Kazan. It arrives at Kazan about the same time 

 us the Missel-Thrush, at the end of March or early in April. It nests on the edge of the forests, 

 in bushes and near groves of mixed non-evergreen and conifer trees, as also in the woods in the 

 \ alley of the Volga, as far as Samarskaia Luka. Often several pairs inhabit a grove, building 

 their nests a short distance from each other. . . . They leave later than the other Thrushes, 

 about the latter half of October (old style), and even stay till the early part of November, when 

 the ground is covered with snow, should the mountain-ash berries be plentiful. Dr. L. 

 Taczanowski has sent us an interesting note : — " The Fieldfare is very common in Poland 

 throughout the year : in summer they disperse through the forests and groves ; but in autumn 

 they collect in large flocks in places where berries are found, and especially where junipers are 

 common, these berries forming their principal food in winter, as, for instance, near Cracow and 

 Lowicz. Thousands are taken in snares, and fill the markets in the large towns. At this season 

 their flesh is much esteemed; it is aromatic and strongly impregnated with a flavour of juniper. 

 They begin to nest early in April ; and the young are hatched early in May. At the end of May, 

 as soon as the first brood leave the nest, the parents begin to build a second one. The latter is 

 generally placed in a fir or alder of medium size, usually about halfway up, in one of the main 

 forks. It occurs in Southern Siberia, but is not so common as in Europe. Specimens procured 

 by Dr. Dybowski in Dauria and Lake Baikal are similar to our European bird." Dr. Henderson 

 did not meet witli the Fieldfare during the Yarkand Expedition ; but Dr. Leith Adams records 

 it as tolerably common in the oak- and pine-forests of Cashmere, though doubtless, as Dr. Jerdon 

 suggests, only in the winter. A specimen exists in the Indian Museum from Saharunpoor, 

 collected by Dr. Jameson ; and this, we believe, still remains the only recorded instance of its 

 occurrence within Indian limits. We have seen a few specimens of the Fieldfare from Turkestan, 

 collected by Severzow ; and Dresser, who is making a special collection of Thrushes, possesses one 



