169 



Galicia. Two examples from the collection of Baron A. von Hiigel agree closely with British 

 specimens. 



Asia Minor. One specimen, shot near Erzeroom, closely resembles examples of C. melanogaster, but has 

 the brown on the head and neck rather paler, and extending further on to the back, and in general appearance 

 approaches towards Cinclus cashmiriensis . 



Palestine. One specimen, obtained at Nahr el Kelb, Lebanon, is C. leucogaster, and agrees closely with 

 Swiss examples of this subspecies. 



Algeria. A single specimen, obtained at Blidah, agrees in plumage with Greek specimens of C. albicollis, 

 but is very small in size, and, if any thing, a shade darker on the upper parts than those. The specimen 

 examined is the one described in 'The Ibis J for October 1870, p. 497, by Canon Tristram, under the name of 

 C. minor. 



Persia. Seven specimens from the Elburz mountains and from near Tehran, collected by Mr. Blanford 

 and Major St. John, are all, I consider, referable to C. cashmiriensis; but some have more of the semilunar 

 dark markings on the back than the specimens I have from Yarkand. Those from near Tehran have rather 

 more rufous on the breast than the others. 



Sikkim. Two specimens in immature plumage appear to be referable to C. cashmiriensis. 



Yarkand. One specimen of C. cashmiriensis from the collection of Canon Tristram, a male obtained by 

 Dr. G. Henderson, at Chagra, 8th October, 1870, has the brown on the upper parts extending to the rump, 

 on the back darker than on the head, on the lower part of the back with a few scarcely perceptible dark 

 crescentic marks. 



Dauria. A series of specimens of Cinclus leucogaster, from my own collection, obtained by Dr. Dybowski 

 from Lake Baikal, differ considerably inter se as to the amount of white on the underparts, some having the 

 white extending down the centre of the abdomen nearly to the vent, whereas others have as little as 

 Cinclus cashmiriensis, and are then undistinguishable from that species ; and thus Mr. Blyth was not far 

 wrong in referring Dr. Eadde's birds (Ibis, 1866, p. 374) to C. cashmiriensis. I have not found any of the 

 examples of C. cashmiriensis I have examined with as much white as in many of the specimens from Lake 

 Baikal, and have therefore not deemed it advisable to unite these two species. Compared with C. albicollis 

 and C. aquaticus these Baikal birds have the brown on the upper parts of a most peculiar shade of velvety 

 brown, a colour I should be inclined to describe as mouse-brown ; and this colour extends down to the rump, 

 darkening towards the lower part of the back. 



The following Table will show the variation in size of the different species of Dippers 

 localities : — 



from 



various 



Cinclus aquaticus 



Cinclus albicollis 



Cinclus melanogaster 



Culmen. 

 inch. 

 085-0-9 

 0-82-0-85 



Great Britain. 

 Galicia. 



Sierra Nevada, Spain. 0-82-0-88 



Pyrenees. 0'9 -0-92 



Switzerland. 



Piedmont. 



Greece. 

 Lebanon. 



Algeria. 



Sweden. 

 Denmark. 



Ireland. 

 Asia Minor. 



0-87-0-9 

 0-9 -0-95 

 0-85-0-9 

 0-87 — 

 0-85 — 

 0-91-0-93 

 0-9 — 

 0-92 — 

 0-87 — 



Wing. 



inches. 

 3-25-35 

 3-3 -3-6 

 3-2 -3-7 

 3-1 -3-4 

 3-3 -3-55 

 3-35-3-45 

 32 -3-3 

 3-15 — 

 3-2 — 

 3-45-3-6 

 3-5 — 

 3-5 — 

 3-55 — 



Tail, 

 inches. 

 2-2 -2-45 

 2-1 -2-3 

 2-0 -2-3 

 2-0 -2-3 

 2-0 -2-3 

 2-3 -2-4 

 2-0 -2-2 

 2-1 — 

 2-0 — 

 2-3 -2-35 

 2-15 — 

 2-3 — 

 2-3 — 



Tarsus, 

 inch. 

 •15-1-25 

 •05-1-1 

 •1 -115 

 •1 -1-15 

 •1 -1-15 

 •15-1-27 

 •15-1-17 

 •15 — 

 •15 — 

 •13-1-25 



1 — 

 •25 — 

 •2 — 



b2 



