170 





Culrnen. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Tarsus. 





inch. 



inches. 



inches. 



inch. 



Elburz Mountains. 



0-82 — 



3-45-3-5 



2-35-2-4 



11 — 



Tehran. 



0-87 — 



3-5 -355 



2-4 — 



1-2 -13 



Yarkand. 



0-85 — 



3-7 — 



2-5 — 



1-25 — 



Sikkim. 



0-85-0-9 



3-45-3-45 



1-8 -2-1 



10 -11 



Lake Baikal. 



0-85-0-87 



3-2 -33 



2-0 -23 



1-1 -1-1: 



Cinclus cashmiriensis 



Cinclus leucogaster . 



The Common Dipper is found throughout Central Europe and in the British Isles, being replaced 

 in the north by Cinclus melanogaster and in the south by C. albicollis. 



In Great Britain C. melanogaster is found on the east coast of England and in Ireland, being 

 in Norfolk more numerous than the present bird, which alone appears to occur in other parts of 

 England and in Scotland, in which latter country, Mr. Robert Gray writes (B. of W. of Scotl. 

 p. 70), it " is a bird of wide distribution in almost every county north of the Solway and the 

 Tweed. There is not a river or Highland burn of any consequence but is frequented by several 

 pairs, which may be met with every few miles of its course, from the very fountain-head where 

 the heath-embedded rocks are crowned with moss and ferns, down a succession of waterfalls and 

 mill-races, to the broad expanse at its junction with the sea. I have never traversed the banks 

 of any Scottish stream without meeting this bird ; and I have seen it repeatedly in rocky gullies 

 worn in the mountain-side, far up beyond the line where one expects to find only birds of 

 plunder. In some of the glens on the Loch-Lomond mountains three or four pairs constantly 

 attract the rambler as he traverses their romantic haunts; and their nests are found in sites 

 ranging from the level of the loch itself to the very summit of the chain, whence another 

 streamlet takes its source and rolls down the other side into the Firth of Clyde." He further 

 writes that it is " common on the burns of Mull and Islay, and is also met with in the island of 

 Harris, one of the Outer Hebrides, from which locality I have been kindly favoured with a 

 specimen by Mr. Alexander Cameron, of Lochmaddy. Mr. Elwes has also met with it there." 



In England the Dipper is not rare in suitable localities, but, owing to its fondness of 

 mountain-streams, is very local in its distribution. Mr. More, Professor Newton states, has 

 ascertained that it breeds occasionally in Cornwall and Dorset, but regularly in Devon, Somerset, 

 probably throughout Wales, Monmouthshire, Herefordshire, Salop, Staffordshire, Cheshire, 

 Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Lancashire; and Thompson (B. of Irel. i. p. 116) records it from 

 Ireland as inhabiting suitable localities throughout the island. 



In Scandinavia and, so far as I can ascertain, in Russia, unless in the western portion of 

 that country, the present species does not occur, being replaced by C. melanogaster ; but in all 

 the mountainous portions of Germany the Common Dipper occurs in suitable localities and is 

 resident. Count Casimir Wodzicki met with it in the Carpathians, on the mountain-streams, 

 where, during the summer, it is found at an altitude of 4000 feet, or even higher. The Ritter 

 von Tschusi-Sehmidhofen states (J. f. 0. 18G9, p. 227) that it is very common on the Elbe and the 

 Elbbach, where he found it breeding; and Dr. Otto Finsch records it (J. f. O. 1859, p. 382) as 

 occurring, though rarely, as far south as the mountains of Bulgaria ; but it is possible that he 

 may refer to C. albicollis. In Styria it is, Mr. Seidensacher informed me when there, common, 

 and resident near Cilli ; and Dr. A. Fritsch speaks of it as resident in Bohemia. Near Halle, in 



