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abroad. In Guernsey the Stone-Chat and Whin- Chat are both common, but the Stone-Chat the 

 most so, as it may be seen on almost every hedge, bush, and wall. They are by no means con- 

 fined to the Island of Guernsey, but are equally common in Sark, Alderney, Jethou, and Herm." 

 According to Professor Newton, Mr. Blake Knox says that in Ireland, where the Stone-Chat is 

 common and resident, its numbers increase in the autumn ; but he does not mention a spring 

 migration. 



In Scandinavia the present species is extremely rare, not having been met with in Norway, 

 being only recorded once in Sweden (a specimen having occurred at Malmo on Christmas eve 

 1851), and in Denmark, according to Kjserbolling, it has only twice been observed (once in 1843, 

 and in April 1847 another specimen was obtained). In Finland it has not been known to occur, 

 but is found, in Central and Northern Russia, where, Mr. Sabanaeff writes to me, it is "rather 

 scarce in the Government of Jaroslaf ; and I do not know that it has ever been met with in that 

 of Moscow. According to Hoffmann it occurs near Tcherdyn, which I can confirm from personal 

 observation. I observed it in the Perm Government, from the Bogosloffsky Ural to the boundary 

 of the Government of Orenburg; and it was common in the Bashkir country, though not so 

 numerous as P. ruhetra. Eversmann states, in error, that it does not occur above 55° N. lat.; for 

 Hoffmann met with it in nearly 62°, and Teplouhoff observed it in 58-g N. lat." 



In Poland, Mr. Taczanowski informs me, " it is found in small numbers in the mountainous 

 country near the frontiers of Galicia and Silesia, and never on the plains. According to Kessler 

 it occurs also in Podolia." In Germany its range is somewhat peculiar ; for it appears to occur 

 only as an accidental visitor to the east of the Elbe ; Borggreve records it as " common in the 

 valley of the Rhine, rarer in Miinsterland, rare in Oldenburg and Anhalt, as also in Silesia, and 

 only once observed in Pomerania ;" Dr. Rey also writes that it is rare in Saxony. It is found in 

 Holland and Belgium, usually arriving in the latter country in April, and remaining till October ; 

 but in Luxemburg De la Fontaine records an exceptionally early appearance on the 10th of 

 January 1865. In Holland it breeds at Noordwijk, near Haarlem, and at Wassenaar. Degland 

 and Gerbe record it as resident at all seasons of the year in the south of France ; and it is 

 likewise found in Portugal, where, Dr. E. Rey states (J. f. O. 1872, p. 147) that he found it 

 exceedingly common at Algarve, where numbers were breeding. In Spain it is, Major Irby 

 informs me, " extremely numerous, being one of the commonest birds in the south of Spain, 

 where it is a resident. I observed it on the Rock of Gibraltar." Lord Lilford also states (Ibis, 

 1866, p. 388) that it " appears to be very locally distributed in Spain, as, although common in 

 many parts of Andalucia, I never met with it in New Castile ;" and Mr. Howard Saunders writes 

 to me as follows : — " In Spain this species is abundant, and resident throughout the year. I was 

 somewhat surprised to find it nesting in the very hottest part of the extreme south of Spain, on 

 the edge of the cultivated ground before entering the great marshes of the Guadalquivir. Its 

 name, which has pretty much the same meaning in all the languages of Latin origin, proceeds 

 from its habits of perching on the garments of the peasants, which, when the owners are 

 working, are frequently hung upon a stick or the . handle of a pick, and upon which the bird 

 generally leaves a memento of its visit. In Catalan it is called ' Cague manecs,' which means 

 the same." It occurs on the Balearic islands, where, according to Mr. A. von Homeyer (J. f. O. 

 1862, p. 276), it is one of the commonest species, occurring everywhere. 



