33 



within the Arctic Circle, where it has been observed in 67° N. lat. In Western Norway it has 

 occasionally been known to remain over the winter, but usually leaves in October, returning 

 again in March or April. In Sweden, Professor Sundevall writes (Sv. Fogl. p. 57), it arrives very 

 early and leaves late, occurring as high as Jemtland (64° N. lat.) ; and Lowenhjelm saw it at 

 Skjelleftea, in nearly 65°, but it has not been observed in Lapland. In Finland it is distributed 

 generally throughout the country, and is common ; and Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that it " is 

 tolerably common in Central Russia, where it occasionally winters. How far northward it 

 ranges I cannot with certainty say ; but it is found in the Governments of Vologda and Viatka. 

 It is generally seen amongst pine-growth. It is also met with on the Ural, more numerous on 

 the western slope ; but I saw it in the Pavdinsky Dacha ; in the pine-woods of the Ekaterinburg 

 Ural it is rare, and was not met with at all, not even during migration, in the birch-woods of the 

 Bashkir country." 



Throughout Germany and the Baltic provinces the Redbreast is common during the summer 

 season ; but only a few remain over the winter in Northern Germany. In the Tyrol, however, 

 Mr. Stejneger records it (J. f. O. 1871, p. 124) as common throughout the winter in South 

 Tyrol. Dr. Fritsch states that in Bohemia it occurs only from the latter part of March to the 

 end of October; and Count Casimir Wodzicki (J. f. O. 1853, p. 436) met with it throughout 

 the Carpathians, where it breeds twice in the year, and is frequently selected by the Cuckoo to 

 act as a foster parent to her progeny. Passing to Northern Germany, again, we find it every 

 where common during the summer, arriving in March and leaving in October, but only stragglers 

 remain oyer the winter ; and Kjeerbolling (Danm. Fugl. p. 176) says the same respecting its occur- 

 rence in Denmark, where, during mild winters, a few Robins also remain. Baron de Selys- 

 Longchamps refers to it as common and resident in Belgium ; but Professor Schlegel says that 

 in Holland the major portion leave in October, only a few remaining over the winter. 



In France it is common, and, like many other small birds, is frequently seen on the table served 

 up as " gibier ;" in the north of France it is numerous during the summer ; but it would appear, 

 according to Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye, that in Provence it is merely an autumn 

 visitant, and takes its departure after the cold weather has passed. 



In Portugal it is, Professor Barboza du Bocage states, common ; but he does not say if it is 

 resident or migratory. Mr. Howard Saunders records it (Ibis, 1871, p. 211) as common in Southern 

 Spain " in autumn and winter ;" and he says, " I was informed at Granada that it retired to the 

 high ground to breed, but I never had its eggs brought to me." Major Irby, however, writes to 

 me that he found it " very common and resident in the vicinity of Gibraltar, numbers nesting in 

 the cork-wood during April. On the rock they only occur from October to March. In winter 

 they are much more numerous." 



Passing eastward we find it, according to Bailly, common in Savoy during the best part of 

 the year, many, however, migrating southward in the autumn ; and Savi, Salvadori, and Bettoni 

 all refer to it as a resident in Italy. Mr. C. A. Wright (Ibis, 1864, p. 66) states that it is a 

 winter resident in Malta; and Lord Lilford (Ibis, 1860, p. 228) also found it common in Corfu, 

 where numbers arrive about the end of October, and leave again in March ; but he states that it 

 does not appear to be very abundant on the mainland. Lindermayer (Vog. Griechenl. p. 105) 

 states that it is a resident in all the Greek provinces, and even on the islands. It is common in 



