455 



East Finmark, on the 12th April, 1853, and the following days, and several individuals were 

 even taken alive by the hand. Mr. Landmark found a nest in Smaalehnene on the 20th of 

 May, 1872. 



Sundevall (Sv. Fogl. p. 76) says that it is found throughout Scandinavia, excepting in the 

 high fells, and in Swedish Lapland nearly as far north as the conifer-growth extends, probably, 

 however, seldom ranging above the line of the fir-growth, or about 68° N. lat., though it may 

 be found in one or the other suitable locality somewhat higher, as at Quickjock, whence 

 Lowenhjelm records it. All do not appear to migrate southward in the winter, though all 

 wander south of their summer-haunts, and a few are to be met with in Dalecarlia and near 

 Stockholm in the winter. In Skane it is a rare bird in the summer, but exceedingly common 

 in the autumn. In Finland it is generally distributed, ranging as far north as the large conifer- 

 forests are found ; it occurs in the winter as far north as Kupio, though it probably moves 

 southward during the coldest months of the year (January and February). Mr. von Wright 

 observed it at Haminanlaks in December. 



Mr. Sabanaeff says that it breeds more commonly in the Government of Jaroslaf than that 

 of Moscow, and also occurs during summer in the Government of Tula. It sometimes winters 

 in Central Russia. Tyzenhaus speaks of it as common in Lithuania. In the Ural, Mr. Sabanaeff 

 informs me, its distribution is similar to that of Panes ater ; but it is rarer on the south-eastern 

 slopes of the Perm Ural, and does not breed in the pine-woods of the Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky 

 dachas. It is common throughout Poland and Northern Germany at all seasons of the year, 

 but in the western portion appears to be less common than the Fire-crested Wren. I found 

 both species in Nassau ; but the present species was much the rarer of the two. 



Kjserbolling speaks of it as common in Denmark, where it is partly a resident and partly a 

 migiant, or merely a wanderer during the seasons of migration; he says that there is no doubt 

 that it breeds in that country. In Holland and Belgium it is common, and is equally common 

 in Northern France, appearing, however, less so in the south. In Portugal it is said by Professor 

 Barboza du Bocage to be rare ; and in Southern Spain it is, according to Mr. Howard Saunders 

 (Ibis, 1871, p. 207), " a regular winter resident, and may possibly be found throughout the year 

 about the higher wooded districts ;" he has " observed it near Granada in March, and in the pine- 

 woods on the coast in February." But I have not obtained it from Gibraltar amongst the speci- 

 mens sent home by Colonel Irby ; and he tells me that he never saw it in Andalucia. It is found 

 in Savoy and Italy ; Salvadori speaks of it as being common in Northern Italy, and Doderlein as 

 being found numerously in the Modenese Apennines. Mr. A. B. Brooke says that he never saw 

 one in Sardinia ; and both Cara and Salvadori agree in saying that it is commoner in the north 

 than in the south of that island. In Sicily it is likewise abundant and partially resident, but is 

 rather less common near Palermo than in other parts of the island. Mr. C. A. Wright says that 

 " it appears to be a regular migrant to Malta in spring and autumn, and is most usually met with 

 in the orange-groves for which the island is so famous." Lord Lilford found it common in the 

 evergreen coverts of Epirus in winter ; and it is found in Greece throughout the year. Linder- 

 mayer speaks of it as frequenting the northern portions of Greece and Euboea, in company with 

 B. igniccqrillus ; and Mr. Seebohm informs me that it "frequents the pine-region of the 

 Parnassus during the breeding-season, and remains in Greece the whole year." Messrs. Elwes 



