2 42 DAVID LIVINGSTONE. [chap. xn. 



over, had the instructions of the Foreign Office read in 

 presence of all the members of the Expedition, and he 

 afterwards wrote out, and delivered to each person, a 

 specific statement of the duties expected of him. 



In these very characteristic papers, it is interesting 

 to observe that his first business .was to lay down to each 

 man his specific work, this being done for the purpose 

 of avoiding confusion and collision, acknowledging each 

 man's gifts, and making him independent in his own 

 sphere. While no pains were to be spared to make the 

 expedition successful in its scientific and commercial aims, 

 and while, for this purpose, great stress was laid on the 

 subsidiary instructions prepared by Professor Owen, Sir 

 W. Hooker, and Sir B,. Murchison, Dr. Livingstone 

 showed still more earnestness in urging duties of a higher 

 class, giving to all the same wise, and most Christian 

 counsel to maintain the moral of the Expedition at 

 the highest point, especially in dealing with the 

 natives : — 



" You will understand that Her Majesty's Government attach more 

 importance to the moral influence which may he exerted on the minds 

 of the natives hy a well-regulated and orderly household of Europeans, 

 setting an example of consistent moral conduct to all who may con- 

 gregate around the settlement ; treating the people with kindness, and 

 relieving their wants ; teaching them to make experiments in agricul- 

 ture, explaining to them the more simple arts, imparting to them 

 religious instruction, as far as they are capable of receiving it, and 

 inculcating peace and good-will to each other. 



" The expedition is well supplied with arms and ammunition, and 

 it will be necessary to use these in order to obtain supplies of food, 

 as well as to procure specimens for the purposes of Natural History. 

 In many parts of the country which we hope to traverse, the larger 

 animals exist in great numbers, and, being comparatively tame, may be 

 easily shot. I would earnestly press on every member of the expedi- 

 tion a sacred regard to life, and never to destroy it unless some good 

 end is to be answered by its extinction ; the wanton waste of animal 

 life which I have witnessed from night-hunting, and from the ferocious, 

 but childlike, abuse of the instruments of destruction in the hands of 

 Europeans, makes me anxious that this expedition should not be guilty 

 of similar abominations. 



