Dissociation of Compounds in Water. 471 



When it yields three, thus : 



1 — «+3«=z, 

 i-1 



where a is the amount of the dissociation. 



The experimental results have been plotted as curves 

 (Plates IV. to IX.), in which the ordinates represent con- 

 centrations, and the abscissas lowering of the freezing-point. 

 In the first curve of each set, the ordinate unit = 0'0005 

 normal, and the abscissa unit = 0'0015 c lowering of freezing- 

 point for the electrolytes, and 0'0010° lowering of freezing- 

 point for the non-electrolytes, In the second the units are 

 increased ten times, and in the same ratio as the concentra- 

 tions are increased. In the third the units are the same as 

 in the second. That the third curve may be placed in a 

 convenient position with respect to the others, Ol normal is 

 subtracted from the ordinates, and the lowering produced by 

 0*1 normal from the abscissas for the third curve. 



The first curve extends from about O'OOl normal to about 

 0*01 normal; the second from this point to about 0*1 normal; 

 and the third from here to about 02 normal, when the in- 

 vestigations were carried so far. 



The points marked on the curves correspond to the con- 

 centrations actually used in the experiments, and the lowerings 

 of the freezing-point produced by these concentrations. For 

 the organic compounds, the first curve extends from the most 

 dilute solution used to about 0*01 normal. 



NaCl=58'4. (KC1=74'4, NH 4 Cl = 53-4.) 



1. 



2. 



3. 



4. 



5. 



Normal. 



Lowering. 



Gram-molec. 

 Lowering. 



i. 



Dissociation. 





o 







per cent. 



o-ooi 



0-00375 



3-7500 



1-984 



98-4 



0-002 



0-0075 



37500 



1-984 



98-4 



0-004 



0-0146 



3-6500 



1-931 



931 



0006 



0-0220 



3-6666 



1-937 



93-7 



0-008 



0-0290 



3-6250 



1-916 



91-6 



0-01 



00360 



3-6000 



1-905 



90-5 



0-02 



00715 



3-5750 



1-892 



89-2 



0-04 



0-1422 



3-5550 



1-881 



88-1 



006 



0-2106 



3-5100 



1-857 



85-7 



0-08 



0-2794 



3-4925 



1-848 



84-8 



0-1 



0-3480 



3-4800 



1-841 



84-1 



