220 LIVINGSTONE'S LAST JOURNALS. [Chap. YIIL 



into the eddy and sank ; their bones crop out of the white 

 tuia, and they are so well preserved that even the black 

 tartar on buffalo and zebra's teeth remain : they are of 

 the present species of animals that now inhabit Africa. 

 This is the only case of fossils of these animals being found 

 in situ. In 1855 I observed similar fossils in banks of gravel 

 in transitu all down the Zambesi above Kebrabasa ; and 

 about 1862 a bed of gravel was found in the delta with 

 many of the same fossils that had come to rest in the great 

 deposit of that river, but where the Zambesi digs them out is 

 not known. In its course below the Victoria Falls I observed 

 tufaceous rocks : these must contain the bones, for were they 

 carried away from the great tufa Lake bottom of Sesheke, 

 down the Victoria Falls, they would all be ground into fine 

 silt. The bones in the river and in the delta were all asso- 

 ciated with pieces of coarse pottery, exactly the same as the 

 natives make and use at the present day : with it we found 

 fragments of a fine grain, only occasionally seen among 

 Africans, and closely resembling ancient cinerary urns i 

 none were better baked than is customary in the country 

 now. The most ancient relics are deeply worn granite, mica- 

 schist, and sandstone millstones ; the balls used for chipping 

 and roughing them, of about the shape and size of an orange,, 

 are found lying near them. No stone weapons or tools ever 

 met my eyes, though I was anxious to find them, and looked 

 carefully over every ancient village we came to for many 

 years. There is no flint to make celts, but quartz and rocks 

 having a slaty cleavage are abundant. It is only for the 

 finer work that they use iron tongs, hammers, and anvils 

 and with these they turn out work which makes English 

 blacksmiths declare Africans never did. They are very 

 careful of their tools : indeed, the very opposites to the flint 

 implement men, who seem sometimes to have made celts 

 just for the pleasure of throwing them away : even the 

 Romans did not seem to know the value of their money. 

 The ancient Africans seem to have been at least as 



