85 



In a more advanced chick — which is double the size of that already described — the down is 

 even shorter, as if rubbed off, and the root-points of future feathers are disclosed, covering the 

 surface in regular lines or series. 



The young of this species differs from the adult in being appreciably smaller in size, and in 

 having a whitish-grey throat ; the long crests are absent, being represented by a tuft of feathers 

 little more than half an inch in length, commencing immediately above the eyes and extending 

 back one and half inches towards the occiput, and being pale lemon-yellow, with blue tips. Bill 

 black, with reddish-brown tips. 



A very young bird in my possession has the chin and throat pale slaty-grey, much mottled 

 with black, and a very narrow streak of yellow over the eyes, showing incipient crests. 



Catarrhactes chrysocome, in the adult state, is readily distinguishable from the other Penguins 

 by its full crest of lengthened yellow feathers and its red eyes. But ten brought to me by 

 the ' Hinemoa,' on the 25th February, were all birds of the first year, in which the crest was 

 not yet developed. I am assured by the second engineer (who is a collector of birds) that 

 this species always lays two eggs, whereas C. sclateri lays only one. 



Writing of one of this family, Mr. Gould says : " Its powers of progression in the deep are 

 truly astonishing. It bounds through this element like a porpoise, and uses its short fin-like wings 

 as well as its feet to assist it in its progress ; its swimming powers are, in fact, so great that it 

 stems the waves of the most turbulent seas with the utmost facility, and during the severest gale 

 descends to the bottom, where, among beautiful beds of coral and forests of seaweed, it paddles 

 about in search of crustaceans, small fish, and marine vegetables, all of which kinds of food were 

 found in the stomachs of those I dissected. A considerable portion of the year is occupied in the 

 process of breeding and rearing the young, in consequence of its being necessary that their progeny 

 should acquire sufficient vigour to resist the raging of that element on which they are destined to 

 dwell, and which I believe they never again leave, till they in turn seel the land for the purpose of 

 reproduction." 



A singular confirmation of Mr. Gould's view is supplied by the dried specimen of a Penguin's 

 foot (belonging, I believe, to the above-named species) which I exhibited at a meeting of the 

 Wellington Philosophical Society.* Through long-continued immersion in sea- water a number of 

 barnacles had become firmly attached to the end of the toes. The other foot was similarly 

 attacked, but was in a worse condition, the irritation set up by the foreign growth having caused 

 the claws to come off, leaving the extremities sore and diseased. An occasional resort to land, 

 with the incidental friction or wear-and-tear, would of course have rendered such a condition of 

 foot as this impossible. 



In the Museum at Brussels a specimen of this species, wrongly labelled E. chrysolophus, has 

 an abundant frontal tuft of narrow, pendant feathers, some of them from five to six inches 



long. 



Some young birds of this species never uttered a sound of any kind during the whole time I 

 had them alive in my garden — probably a week or more. 



According to Captain Hutton, Catarrhactes chrysocome forms " rookeries " at Antipodes 

 Island, higher up the hills than C. sclateri; but there are none on the Bounty Islands or on the 



Snares. 



Writing to me of this bird, Mr. W. Smyth, who is a good observer, says : " When excited, it 

 erects its crest all round like a rainbow, whereas E. pachyrhynchus erects its crest in rather a 

 tufty or brush-like style." 





* Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. xxiv., p. 73, and pi. xiv., fig. 2. 



