Snow-Goose 



Ч 



Anas hyperborea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat, ii. p. 504 (1788). 



Chen hyberborea, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Taczanowski, Faune Orn. Sib. Or., p. 1086 (1893); Ridgway, Man. 



N. Am. Birds, p. 115 (1887); Stejneger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtsch., p. 317 (1885). 

 Chen hyperboreus, Bonaparte, Сотр. List, p. 55 (1838); Zarndny, Orn. F. Orenb. kr., p. 225 (1888); id., 



Dopoln. к Orn. F. Orenb. kr., p. 107 (1897); Collett, Orn. Jahrb., i. p. 137 (1830); Stejneger, Bull. 



U.S. Nat. Mus., x. No. 19, p. 317 (1885); id., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x. p. 135 (1887) (Bering Isl); 



Baird and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Am., i. p. 430 (partini) (1864); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 



xxvii. p. 84 (1895); Macpherson, History of Fowling, 1897, p. 218. 

 Chionochen hyperboreus, Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix. (185 1). 

 Chenalopex hyperboreus, Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av., p. 101 (1854). 

 Anser albatus, Cass., Proc. Ac. Philad., 1856, p. 41. 

 Chen albatus, Elliot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., ii. pi. 42 (1867). 

 Anser hyperboreus, var. albatus, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 282, No. 486, a (1872). 

 Chen hyperboreus albatus, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 202. 



? Maly lebed, Dombrowski, " Okhot. Gaz.," 1897, P- 228 (Bukhta Salmonchu Tatarskago proliva). 

 ?? Cygnus {Coscorobd) davidi, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. L., 1870, p. 430. 

 ?? Cygnus davidi, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. L., 1871, p. 416 (поп Cygnus davidi, Gigl. & Salv., Proc. Zool. Soc. L., 



1887, p. 589, pi. Hi. = Cygn. bewicki). 



Adult Birds of Both Sexes 



Whole plumage, with exception of primaries, their coverts and bastard wing, snowy 

 white ; the head only has often a rusty tinge of varying intensity, such as is commonly met 

 with in many aquatic birds. Primary wing-feathers black (except white shafts, gradually 

 passing into greyish towards the base of the feathers) ; their coverts, as also alula, of a pale 

 ashen grey (hoary). Under side of wings and axillaries white. Bill, with very concave 

 arched edges of upper mandible, lilac red or dark red with whitish or yellowish nails ; but 

 sometimes the bill is yellowish pink, passing on nasal fossa, around nares, into bright red ; 

 lower mandible usually somewhat lighter and more lilac-coloured than upper. Above the 

 edge of upper and under edge of lower mandible, from gape to tip, run coal-black 

 stripes, attaining their greatest width in the middle. These black stripes give the bill a 

 sneering expression, and are, in my opinion, so characteristic of representatives of the genus 

 Chen that their absence alone, were there even no other distinctive characters, would be 

 perfectly sufficient to justify the removal from this genus of the species rossi, for which 

 Mr. Elliot in 1868 established the genus Hexanthemops. 



Feet lilac or orange-red, with black claws ; soles either dingy yellowish or pale 

 yellow. Iris dark brown. Eyelids sometimes dark red, sometimes pale greenish. The 

 female, as in all geese, is somewhat smaller and more slender than the male. 



In the vast majority of cases 16 tail-feathers, but rarely 18. 



Total length . 

 Wing 

 Culmen 

 Tarsus 



23-29 in. (= 584-736 mm.) 

 14.5-17 in. (=368-431 mm.) 



1.95-3.З in- ( = 49.5-58.4 mm.) 

 2.8-3.25 in. ( = 71.1-82.5 mm.) 



Weight apparently never exceeding 6, and usually somewhat less than 5 Russian lbs. 



Young Birds 



Top of head, hind neck, and upper surface of body pale greyish, feathers of back 

 with lighter edges. Upper wing-coverts and tertiaries dark grey with broad white edgings ; 

 secondaries with grey mottlings, bordered with white. Primaries black, passing towards base 



