бо Geese of Europe and Asia 



p. 264 (i767) = Canuti Leemii, De Lappon. Finmarchiae, cum J. E. Gunneri notis, No. 115, p. 264; 

 Reichenow, J. f. Ornit, 1890, p. 81. 



Anser albifrons {partim), Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i. p. 509 (1788) ; Bonnaterre, Encyclop. Method., i. p. 1 14 (1790) ; 

 Radde, Bull. Soc. Mosc, 1854, iii. p. 160 {partim) ; Eversm., Yest. I. Or. Kr., iii. p. 556 {partim) (1868). 



Anser temminckii, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 882 ; Middendorff, Reis. Sib., ii. p. 228, pi. xx. (pull.) 185 1 ; Radde, Reis. 

 S.-O. Sib., ii. p. 358 (1863). 



Anser brevirostris, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (1830); id., Nat. Vog. Deutschl., p. 844 (1831); Fritsch, Vog. 

 Eur., p. 406, pi. 45, fig. 3 (juv.), fig. 7 (adult), 1870. 



Anser cineraceus, Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. Eur. Vog., ii. p. 722 (1824). 



Anser minutus, Naum., Vog. Deutschl., xi. p. 364, pi. 290 (1842) ; Nordmann., J. f. Orn., 1864, p. 376 (Fennia) ; 

 Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 62; Seebohm, Birds Jap. Emp., p. 238 (1890); Bree, Birds Eur., iv. p. 137 

 (1867); Kessler, Russk. Ornit, p. 369 (1846); Radde, Ornis Cauc., p. 443 {partim), 1884; Buturlin, 

 "Psov. i Ruzh. Okh.," 1901 (Dikie Gusi R. Т.); id., separ., passim (1901) ; Przewalski, Put. Uss. Kr., 

 1870, passim; Bogdanov, Pt. i Zv.-Povolzhya, p. 148 (1871); Palmen, Cab. J. f. Orn., xxiv. p. 53 

 (1876); Deryugin, Trud. J. S. Pb. Obshch. Yest., xxix. p. 2 (1898); Sushkin, MS. letters to author ; 

 Zhitnikov, "Psov. i Ruzh. Okhota," 1902, p. 134. 



Marilochen brevirostris, " Heckel," Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix. (1852). 



Anser erythropus, Pallas {partim, cum albifr. mixta) Zoogr. Ross.- As., ii. p. 225 (181 1) ; Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 bond. (1866), p. 341 ; id., "Ibis," i860, p. 406 ; Degl. and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., ii. p. 486 (1867) ; Hume and 

 Marshall, Game Birds of India, iii. p. 78 (with pi., 1880); Dresser, Birds of Eur., vi. p. 383 (1 879) ; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvii. p. 97 (1895) ; Menzbier, Ptitsy Rossii, i. p. 740 (1895) ; «*> Okhotn. i Prom. 

 Pt. Ross, i Kavk., ii. p. 468, pi. 133 {sub A. albifrons), 1902 ; Trevor-Battye, Icebound on Kolguev, 

 p. 423 (1895); Zhitnikov, Nabliud. na reke Atreke, "Psov. i Ruzh. Okhota," 1900; id., sep. imp., 

 passim (1900); Silantiev, Opred. Yevr. Pt, 1901, p. 112; Kholodkov. i Silantiev, Pt. Yevr., p. 523; 

 Alpheraky, " Zhurn Okhoty," 1877, p. 80; Khomyakov, Pt. Ryaz. Gub., 1900, p. 34 {A. albifrontis 

 var.); Finn, How to know Indian Ducks, p. 19, 1901 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., iv. p. 418 (1898); 

 Oates, Man. Game Birds India, 1899, p. 53 ; Taczanowski, Faune Orn. Sib. Or., p. 1093 (1893) ; Chapman, 

 Wild Norway, p. 298 (1897) ; Karamzin, A., Pt. Samarsk. i Ufim. gub., p. 183 (1901) ; Ruzski, M., Sist. 

 Sp. Pt. Kaz. gub. (Trudy Yest. Pr. Kaz. Univ., torn. xxv. pt. 6, p. 115) (1893) ; Macpherson, History of 

 Fowling, 1897, p. 222. 



Anser albifrons minutus, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 505, pi. 62 {ovum), 1885. 



Anser albifrons, var. erythropus, Buturlin, Tabl. Opred. Plastinchatokl. ("Psov. i Ruzh. Okh.," 1900, p. 9). 



Anser erythropus minutus, Palmen, Bidr. Sibirsk, Ishafsk. Fogelf. Vega-Exp., vii. 



Anser rhodrhynchus, Buturlin, "Psov. i Ruzh. Okh.," 1901 (Dikie Gusi Ros. I., Febr.-Apr.) ; id., sep. impr., p. 19; 

 id., Sinopt. tabl. Okhotn. Pt. Ross. I., 1901, p. 46; Zhitnikov, " Psovaya i Ruzh. Okh.," March 1902, 

 p. 134 seq. ; Buturlin, " Psov. i Ruzh. Okh.," 1902, June, p. 120 (" Yeshche о belolobykh gusyakh"). 



Adult Male 



Colouring of head and upper half of neck brown, for the most part with a coffee or 

 cinnamon (ruddy) shade of greater or less intensity, or chestnut-brown, considerably darker 

 than in white-fronted goose. On forehead a large white blaze, extending from very base of 

 bill backwards, more or less in a wedge-shape, between eyes considerably beyond line joining 

 their anterior angles. From this blaze white descends, narrowing considerably, along 

 sides of base of upper mandible to gape ; here it is interrupted and is again renewed opposite 

 base of lower mandible, and sometimes is here in contact with white terminal part of feather- 

 ing of chin, while sometimes this spot is isolated, this being independent of sex or age, 

 and simply an individual peculiarity. White of forehead and feathering along sides of 

 base of bill bordered posteriorly by a very dark, blackish band, passing gradually into brown 

 colouring of rest of head and neck. Lower half of neck, breast, and flanks lighter rufous 

 brown with light greyish edgings to feathers ; belly still lighter, mingled with pure white 

 and with large black, transverse, irregularly shaped patches, which apparently with age 

 become more and more extensive, and in very old individuals often so far coalesce that the 

 whole of the belly is almost entirely black. 



Variability in size and number of black patches so great that it is difficult to find 

 two specimens alike in this respect. 



