172 Geese of Europe and Asia 



id., Sinopt. tabl. Okhotn. Ptits. Ross. Imp., p. 41 (1901) ; Sabaneev, Ukazatel Kne. i St. Okhotn. i Zool. 



Sod., pp. 455-458 (1883); id., "Zhurnal Okhoty," i. 1874, " Prolet gusei," with drawings. 

 Anser bemicla, Pallas. Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat, ii. p. 230 (181 1). 

 Bemicla leucopsis, Boie, Isis, 1822, s. 563 ; Buchner, Ptitsy Spb. gub., p. 5 14 (1 884) ; Trevor-Battye, Ice-bound on 



Kolguev, p. 425 (1895); Malmgren, "Ibis," 1869, p. 230; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 



629 ; Pleske, Sauget, and Vog. Kola Hlbns. (Beitr. Kenntn. Russ. R., ix. p. 245) (1886) ; Russov, Ornis 



Esth., Lifl. et Curl., 1880, p. 169 ; Brandt, Cab. J. f. O., 1880, p. 247 ; Macpherson, History of Fowling, 



1897, p. 221. 

 Bemicla erythropus, Stephens, Gen. Zool., xii. 2, p. 49 (1824). 

 Leucopareia leucopsis, Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat, p. ix. (1852). 

 Chenalopex leucopsis, Geibel, Thesaur. Orn., i. p. 372 (in Syn. A. leucopsis) (1872). 

 Branta leucopsis, Bannister, Proc. Acad. Philad., 1871, p. 131 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds British Mus., xxvii. p. 117 



(1895). 

 Anser (Brenthus) leucopsis, Reichenow, Orn. Centr., 1882, p. 37. 

 Anser canadensis, Lepekhin, Putesh., iii., Prib., p. 5, pi. 10 (srednyaya kazarka). 



Adult Birds of Both Sexes 



Forehead, cheeks, chin, and throat white, often with yellowish or rosy yellowish tint ; 

 streak on lobes, between bill and eyes, crown, nape and all neck black ; upper part of back 

 between scapula and rump black, latter with bluish reflection ; upper tail - coverts white ; 

 breast and belly greyish white ; vent and lower tail-coverts pure white ; flanks and thighs 

 white, with transverse grey bars ; scapulars, upper wing-coverts, and tertiaries, light 

 bluish grey, with sub-terminal blue-black crescents and very narrow white tips to feathers ; 

 primaries and secondaries, as well as tail-feathers (14), very dark, almost black. Under 

 part of wing and axillaries light grey. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Iris dark brown. 

 Female slightly smaller than gander, but identical in plumage. 



Young Birds 



On white areas of head an admixture of black or dark brown featherlets ; feather-tips, 

 scapulars, and upper wing-coverts, with rusty or rufous tintage. Flanks with broader and 

 darker grey bars. This description, borrowed mostly from Count Salvadori, probably refers 

 to birds of not less than three years, although for want of material I cannot positively affirm 

 this. In younger birds sub-terminal black crescents in feathers of adults replaced by much 

 wider black bars, giving whole surface of body darker colouring. It is very likely that in 

 this respect the barnacle goose is subject to considerable individual variation. 



Young Birds in First Plumage 



White on head, with strong mixture of brown ; colouring of head, neck, and breast 

 tinged with brown below white tips ; tail-feathers with greyish white tips. The black bill 

 and feet have a reddish tinge. 



Young in Down 



Upper part of body dark grey, lower part whitish grey. 



Dimensions of Adult Birds 1 



Total length 596-71 1 mm. ( = 23.50-28 in.). 



Win S 378-429 „ (=14.90-16.90 in.). 



Culmen • • 28-36.3 „ (=1.10-1.43 in.). 



Tarsus 633L-76.2 „ ( = 2.50-3 in.). 



1 These measurements hardly represent the limits, and on account of scantiness of material, are borrowed from various authors. 



