Swan-Goose 177 



1880, p. 501 ; Seebohm, Birds of Japan. Empire, p. 285 (1890); Buturlin, Dikie Gusi R. I. (1901), 

 p. 21 ; Sabaneev, Ukaz. Kn. i St. Okhotrich. i Zool. Sod., pp. 455-458 (1883); Severtsov, Vert, i 

 Goriz. Raspr. Turk. Zh., p. 70 (1873); Bogdanov, M. N., Pt. Zver. Povolzh. (1871), p. 148 ; Buturlin, 

 Sinop. tabl. Okh. Pt. R. I. (1901), p. 40 ; Macpherson, History of Fowling, p. 226, 1897. 



Anas orientalis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i. p. 503 (1788). 



Cygnus sinensis, Stephens, Gen. Zool., xii. 2, p. 22, pi. 40 (1824). 



Cygnopsis cygnoides, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Sc. Pet, 1836, i. p. 37 ; id., Deer, et Icones An. Ros. Nov., Aves, i. p. 5 

 (1836); Taczanowski, Faune Orn. Sib. Or., p. 1100 (1893); "£» Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888, 

 p. 46; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x. p. 136 (Bering Island); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xxvii. p. 107 (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game Birds of India, p. 1 1 (1899). 



Anser cygnoides ferus, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Jap., Aves, pi. 81 (1850). 



Cygnopsis ferus, Reichenbach, Syst. Av., iv., Novit. Natat, pi. cccliii. fig. 2773 (1850). 



Cygnopsis guineensis , Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. x. (1852). 



Cygnopsis cygnoides a. australis, Bonaparte, Compt.-Rendus, xliii., p. 648 (1856). 



Anser (Cygnopses) cygnoidis, Schrenck, Vog. Amur-L., p. 457, pi. xv. (i860); Radde, Reis. O.-Sib., ii. p. 350 



(1863). 



Anser sinensis, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 234. 



Anser grandis, Finsch {nee Gmel.), Ibis, 1877, p. 53. 



Cycnopsis eyenoides, Heine and Reichenow, Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 342 (1890). 



Adult Male 



On feathering of head, along base of upper mandible, runs a narrow white streak, 

 mostly with strong admixture of bright rusty, and a similar white (with rusty) patch occupies 

 apical part of feathering of chin, which falls short by more than an inch of base of nail of 

 lower mandible. From base of upper mandible over lores and across eye, passing below 

 it and over ear-coverts, extends a wash of reddish clayey brown, occupying whole crown and 

 nape, and gradually mingling with whitish of cheeks ; a streak of same colour passes behind 

 base of lower mandible ; chin rather lighter. Nape and posterior surface of neck reddish 

 brown (rufous) ; throat, cheeks, and front surface and sides of neck whitish ; breast grey 

 buffish white, the feathers often with lighter edgings and a rusty tinge. Back grey-brown 

 with greyish white edges to feathers, giving its whole surface a scaly or wavy appearance ; 

 lower part of body dingy white. Flanks like back, that is grey-brown, with light grey 

 (or whitish) undulations, due to the light margins of the feathers. Vent and lower tail- 

 coverts white; rump greyish; upper and lateral tail-coverts white; tail grey-brown with 

 broad white edges and tips. Wing generally ashen grey ; upper coverts, lying nearest edge 

 of wing, almost pure ashen grey, with very feeble admixture of brownish, but latter colour 

 more definite nearer back. The lesser and median coverts have lighter whitish edgings ; 

 greater wing-coverts with white edgings ; alula pure ashen grey. 



Outer primary flight-feathers, at middle of their length, with ashen-grey outer webs ; 

 the inner darker grey ; web towards tip of feather becoming brown-black ; successive primaries 

 gradually losing the grey and becoming brown-black ; brown secondaries and tertiaries with 

 whitish edgings, and posterior tertiaries gradually becoming lighter and of the same colour 

 as the feathers of the back and scapulae. Shafts of all flight-feathers, as in other geese, 

 white, with the exception of the tips, which are of the same colour as the webs. 



Under part of wing and axillaries dark ashen grey. Bill black, glossy, particularly nail 

 of upper mandible. Beneath the slightly swollen base of upper mandible, projecting arch- 

 wise into the plumage of the forehead, lies a transverse straight furrow (or depression), very 

 like that in swans. Occasionally in dry skins this is slightly swollen and wrinkled trans- 

 versely. Number of teeth on each side of upper mandible varying from 28 to 30 ; but with larger 

 materials the limits may prove wider. Particularly striking is the fact that between the 

 mental angle and the posterior edge of the nail of the lower mandible, for a length of about 



2 A 



