220 
Prof. E. L. Hancock : Effect of Combined 
comparison o£ figs. 4 and 5 shows that, within the limits 
of elasticity, the amount of deflexion for any given load is 
about the same for the carbon-steel as for the nickel-steel. 
(6) That the modulus of elasticity, both in torsion and 
flexure, is lowered slightly by the presence of combined 
stresses (fig. 8). 
(7) That the maximum shear on any internal plane should 
control in design of parts subjected to combined stresses. In 
Table IV. the computed maximum tension and maximum 
shear that is greater than the tensile or shearing strength of 
the material has been underlined. It is seen that in only a 
few cases does the maximum tension exceed the tensile 
strength of the material, while the computed maximum shear 
is, in very many cases, greater than the shearing strength of 
the material. These results are generally in accord with 
results previously obtained by the writer. 
Table I. 
Kesults of Tests of Steel Tubing, Tension-Torsion, and 
Compression-Torsion. 
Tension 
stress, 
lbs. per 
sq. inch, 
applied. 
Percent, 
of elastic 
limit in 
tension. 
Elastic 
limit in 
torsion 
obtained. 
Per cent, 
of elastic 
limit in 
torsion. 
Angular 
deformation 
at elastic 
limit per 
unit length. 
Per cent. 
of 
normal 
defor- 
mation. 
Modulus of 
elasticity 
of shear, 
lbs. per 
sq. in. 
Per cent. 
of normal 
modulus 
of 
elasticity. 


10500 
100 
0021 
100 
10350000 
100 
7000 
33 
7200 
68 
•0017 
82 
9075000 
87 
10500 
50 
6300 
60 
•0013 
64 
10350000 
100 
14000 
89- 
4500 
43 
•0011 
53 
9075000 
87 
17000 
81 
3300 
31 
•0007 
35 
9680000 
93 
21000 
100 
2700 
25 
•0007 
35 
8086000 
77 
Compression-Torsion Tests. 
Note. — For these results the word tension in the first two columns above 
should be changed to compression, otherwise the headings are the same. 
8000 

10500 
100 
•0021 
100 
10000000 
100 
8000 
33 
7700 
73 
•0022 
104 
7000000 
70 
12000 
50 
4500 
42 
•0012 
57 
7500000 
75 
20000 
83 
3800 
36 
•0018 
85 
4200000 
42 
24000 
100 
2900 
• 27 
•0012 
57 
5000000 
50 
