486 LEPIDOPTERA. 



find are not so apt to be wormy as the thin-skinned summer 

 apples. The eggs begin to hatch in a few days after they 

 are laid, and the little apple-worms or caterpillars produced 

 from them immediately burrow into the apples, making their 

 way gradually from the eye towards the core. Commonly 

 only one worm will be found in the same apple ; and it 

 is so small at first, that its presence can only be detected 

 by the brownish powder it throws out in eating its way 

 through the eye. The body of the young insect is of a 

 whitish color ; its head is heart-shaped and black ; the top 

 of the first ring or collar and of the last ring is also black ; 

 and there are eight little blackish dots or warts, arranged 

 in pairs, on each of the other rings. As it grows older, 

 its body becomes flesh-colored ; its head, the collar, and 

 the top of the last ring turn brown, and the dots are no 

 longer to be seen. In the course of three weeks, or a little 

 more, it comes to its full size, and meanwhile has burrowed 

 to the core and through the apple in various directions. 

 To get rid of the refuse fragments of its food, it gnaws a 

 round hole through the side of the apple, and thrusts them 

 out of the opening. Through this hole also the insect makes 

 its escape after the apple falls to the ground ; and the falling 

 of the fruit is well known to be hastened by the injury it 

 has received within, which generally causes it to ripen before 

 its time. 



Soon after the half-grown apples drop, and sometimes 

 while they are still hanging, the worms leave them and 

 creep into chinks in the bark of the trees, or into other 

 sheltered places, which they hollow out with Fheir teeth to 

 suit their shape. Here each one spins for itself a cocoon 

 or silken case, as thin, delicate, and white as tissue paper. 

 Some of the apple-worms, probably the earliest, are said 

 by Kollar to change to chrysalids immediately after their 

 cocoons are made, and in a few days more turn to moths, 

 come out, and lay their eggs for a second generation of the 

 worms ; and hence much fruit will be found to be worm- 



