﻿THE 
  

   LONDON, 
  EDINBURGH, 
  and 
  DUBLIN 
  

  

  PHILOSOPHICAL 
  MAGAZINE 
  

  

  AND 
  

  

  JOURNAL 
  OF 
  SCIENCE. 
  

  

  [SIXTH 
  SEME 
  

  

  FEBRUARY 
  190 
  

  

  XVIII. 
  Ionization, 
  Ionic 
  Velocities, 
  and 
  

   By 
  William 
  Sutherland 
  * 
  

  

  IT 
  is 
  well-known 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  theory 
  of 
  ions 
  as 
  given 
  to 
  us 
  

   by 
  Faraday, 
  van 
  't 
  Hoff, 
  Arrhenius, 
  and 
  Ostwald, 
  there 
  

   occur 
  some 
  gaps, 
  which 
  are 
  very 
  surprising 
  if 
  we 
  consider 
  

   the 
  wonderful 
  completeness 
  of 
  the 
  theory 
  apart 
  from 
  these, 
  

   and 
  also 
  the 
  advanced 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  kinetic 
  theory. 
  The 
  gaps 
  

   are: 
  — 
  (1) 
  Ignorance 
  of 
  the 
  cause 
  of 
  ionization. 
  (2) 
  Ignorance 
  

   of 
  the 
  reason 
  why 
  Ostwald's 
  law 
  for 
  the 
  ionization 
  of 
  weak 
  

   acids 
  and 
  bases 
  does 
  not 
  apply 
  to 
  ordinary 
  binary 
  elec- 
  

   trolytes. 
  (3) 
  Ignorance 
  of 
  the 
  connexion 
  between 
  the 
  ionic 
  

   velocities 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  physical 
  properties 
  of 
  the 
  atoms. 
  

  

  The 
  present 
  paper 
  is 
  a 
  contribution 
  towards 
  bridging 
  these 
  

   gaps, 
  and 
  consists 
  of 
  three 
  parts, 
  namely 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  1. 
  The 
  cause 
  of 
  ionization. 
  

  

  2. 
  The 
  laws 
  of 
  ionization 
  in 
  binary 
  electrolytes. 
  

  

  3. 
  Deduction 
  of 
  ionic 
  velocities 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  physical 
  

   properties 
  of 
  the 
  atoms, 
  and 
  their 
  use 
  as 
  a 
  definite 
  means 
  of 
  

   calculating 
  the 
  absolute 
  sizes 
  of 
  the 
  atoms. 
  

  

  1. 
  The 
  Cause 
  of 
  Ionization, 
  

  

  To 
  J. 
  J. 
  Thomson 
  and 
  Nernst 
  we 
  owe 
  the 
  sagacious 
  sug- 
  

   gestion 
  that 
  ionization 
  of 
  a 
  solute 
  is 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  high 
  

   dielectric 
  capacity 
  of 
  a 
  solvent, 
  whereby 
  the 
  electric 
  force 
  

   between 
  the 
  oppositely 
  charged 
  atoms 
  or 
  radicals 
  is 
  sufficiently 
  

  

  * 
  Communicated 
  by 
  the 
  Author. 
  

   Phil 
  Mag. 
  S. 
  6. 
  Vol. 
  3. 
  No. 
  14. 
  Feb. 
  1902. 
  M 
  

  

  