﻿162 
  Mr. 
  W. 
  Sutherland 
  on 
  Ionization, 
  

  

  reduced. 
  Others 
  have 
  advanced 
  the 
  hypothesis 
  that 
  associa- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  molecules 
  of 
  the 
  solvent 
  is 
  somehow 
  the 
  apparent 
  

   cause 
  of 
  the 
  dissociation 
  of 
  the 
  solute 
  molecule 
  into 
  ions. 
  

   I 
  think 
  that 
  both 
  these 
  suggestions 
  can 
  be 
  combined 
  in 
  the 
  

   proposition, 
  that 
  exceptionally 
  high 
  dielectric 
  capacity, 
  high 
  

   power 
  of 
  ionization, 
  and 
  marked 
  tendency 
  to 
  molecular 
  

   association, 
  are 
  three 
  effects 
  traceable 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  cause, 
  

   which 
  I 
  propose 
  to 
  call 
  the 
  latent 
  or 
  potential 
  valency 
  of 
  

   certain 
  atoms. 
  Let 
  us 
  consider 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  water 
  as 
  a 
  solvent. 
  

   In 
  a 
  paper 
  on 
  the 
  Molecular 
  Constitution 
  of 
  Water 
  (Phil. 
  

   Mag. 
  [5] 
  vol. 
  1. 
  Nov. 
  1900), 
  I 
  have 
  shown 
  that 
  while 
  in 
  steam 
  we 
  

   have 
  H 
  2 
  0, 
  in 
  ice 
  we 
  have 
  (H 
  2 
  0) 
  3 
  , 
  and 
  in 
  water 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  

   (H 
  2 
  0) 
  3 
  and 
  (H 
  2 
  0) 
  2 
  , 
  varying 
  with 
  temperature. 
  Now 
  the 
  

   dielectric 
  capacity 
  of 
  steam 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  abnormal 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  

   water, 
  being 
  given 
  by 
  Lebedew 
  (Wied. 
  Ann. 
  xliv.) 
  as 
  of 
  the 
  

   order 
  1*001 
  under 
  ideal 
  standard 
  gas 
  conditions, 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  

   index 
  of 
  refraction 
  n 
  is 
  1*00025. 
  Maxwell's 
  law 
  K 
  = 
  n 
  2 
  , 
  

   or 
  K 
  — 
  lz=n 
  2 
  — 
  \, 
  is 
  therefore 
  much 
  more 
  nearly 
  complied 
  

   with 
  by 
  steam 
  than 
  by 
  ice 
  and 
  water 
  in 
  which 
  K 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  

   order 
  80, 
  while 
  n 
  2 
  is 
  only 
  of 
  the 
  order 
  2. 
  Obviously 
  it 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  for 
  us 
  to 
  study 
  the 
  formula 
  for 
  ice 
  or 
  trihydrol 
  in 
  

   relation 
  to 
  the 
  electrons 
  which 
  hold 
  together 
  the 
  three 
  H 
  2 
  

   constituents 
  of 
  its 
  molecule, 
  and 
  similarly 
  with 
  (H 
  2 
  0) 
  2 
  - 
  As 
  

   it 
  would 
  be 
  convenient 
  to 
  have 
  symbols 
  different 
  from 
  the 
  

   operational 
  + 
  and 
  — 
  to 
  distinguish 
  the 
  two 
  sorts 
  of 
  electrons, 
  

   I 
  propose 
  to 
  use 
  the 
  musical 
  types 
  ft 
  for 
  the 
  + 
  electron 
  and 
  

   \> 
  for 
  the 
  — 
  electron, 
  and 
  b 
  for 
  the 
  neutron, 
  which 
  consists 
  

   of 
  the 
  ft 
  and 
  \} 
  united 
  to 
  form 
  that 
  electric 
  doublet 
  which 
  

   gives 
  to 
  the 
  -aether 
  its 
  electric 
  and 
  magnetic 
  properties. 
  Tri- 
  

   hydrol 
  (H 
  2 
  0) 
  3 
  would 
  be 
  represented 
  graphically 
  thus 
  

   H 
  H 
  

  

  * 
  * 
  

  

  Hftt>0# 
  t>Ot>#H 
  

  

  b 
  ft 
  

  

  #b 
  

   o 
  

  

  \>\> 
  

  

  ft 
  ft 
  

  

  H 
  H 
  

  

  The 
  usual 
  chemical 
  graphic 
  bonds 
  are 
  replaced 
  by 
  the 
  pairs 
  

   of 
  electrons 
  required 
  by 
  electrical 
  theory. 
  This 
  strictly 
  

   symmetrical 
  representation 
  of 
  the 
  trihydrol 
  molecule 
  brings 
  

   out 
  the 
  very 
  important 
  fact 
  that, 
  while 
  oxygen 
  appears 
  as 
  a 
  

   tetrad, 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  different 
  from 
  the 
  ordinary 
  chemical 
  tetrad, 
  

  

  