﻿Ionic 
  Velocities, 
  and 
  Atomic 
  Sizes, 
  163 
  

  

  since 
  the 
  four 
  electrons 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  oxygen 
  atom 
  are 
  not 
  

   ot 
  the 
  same 
  sort, 
  there 
  are 
  three 
  \> 
  electrons 
  to 
  one 
  #. 
  If 
  

   (H 
  2 
  0) 
  3 
  gets 
  dissociated 
  it 
  will 
  yield 
  three 
  parts 
  

  

  H 
  

  

  # 
  

  

  b 
  

   t>ob#H 
  

  

  which 
  could 
  be 
  more 
  briefly 
  represented 
  by 
  the 
  formula 
  

   #Ot> 
  3 
  (#H);j. 
  From 
  the 
  graphic 
  formula 
  we 
  see 
  that 
  in 
  this 
  one 
  

   t> 
  and 
  the 
  # 
  of 
  the 
  oxygen 
  atom 
  are 
  not 
  in 
  positions 
  of 
  

   equilibrium, 
  and 
  will 
  tend 
  to 
  rush 
  together 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  neutron 
  

   % 
  , 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  \) 
  and 
  # 
  are 
  much 
  closer 
  together 
  than 
  in 
  their 
  

   initial 
  position 
  when 
  the 
  dissociation 
  of 
  the 
  (H 
  2 
  0) 
  3 
  first 
  

   occurred. 
  According 
  to 
  this 
  conception 
  H 
  2 
  in 
  steam 
  would 
  be 
  

   represented 
  by 
  the 
  formula 
  tj 
  t>2(# 
  S) 
  2 
  . 
  But 
  the 
  change 
  from 
  

   #Ot> 
  3 
  (#H) 
  2 
  to 
  ft 
  Ot> 
  2 
  (#H) 
  2 
  would 
  occupy 
  some 
  time, 
  during 
  

   which 
  the 
  \> 
  and 
  the 
  #, 
  which 
  ultimately 
  coalesce 
  to 
  form 
  ft, 
  

   would 
  be 
  at 
  a 
  certain 
  average 
  distance 
  apart, 
  and 
  would 
  

   have 
  a 
  certain 
  average 
  electric 
  moment 
  obtained 
  by 
  multi- 
  

   plying 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  electrons 
  by 
  the 
  average 
  

   distance 
  between 
  them. 
  This 
  electric 
  moment 
  being 
  much 
  

   greater 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  neutron 
  confers 
  on 
  water 
  its 
  high 
  

   dielectric 
  capacity, 
  though 
  the 
  special 
  neutron 
  in 
  the 
  steam 
  

   molecule 
  probably 
  has 
  a 
  greater 
  moment 
  than 
  that 
  in 
  aether. 
  

   The 
  field 
  of 
  electric 
  force 
  between 
  \} 
  and 
  # 
  at 
  their 
  average 
  

   distance 
  apart 
  is 
  the 
  direct 
  cause 
  of 
  electrolytic 
  dissociation 
  

   produced 
  by 
  water. 
  With 
  a 
  solute 
  like 
  #NaClp 
  we 
  may 
  

   expect 
  to 
  have 
  

  

  H 
  

  

  # 
  

  

  Na#t>ot>#H 
  

  

  # 
  

  

  CI 
  

  

  as 
  an 
  intermediate 
  configuration 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  Na# 
  and 
  Cl[> 
  

   are 
  broken 
  off, 
  when 
  too 
  far 
  apart 
  to 
  recombine. 
  

  

  We 
  have 
  now 
  seen 
  how 
  high 
  dielectric 
  capacity, 
  molecular 
  

   association, 
  and 
  ionization 
  in 
  water 
  are 
  all 
  consequences 
  of 
  

   the 
  latent 
  or 
  potential 
  valency 
  of 
  oxygen. 
  But 
  as 
  this 
  valency 
  

   has 
  the 
  peculiar 
  character 
  of 
  being 
  associated 
  with 
  opposite 
  

   electric 
  charges 
  in 
  the 
  atom, 
  and 
  gives 
  us 
  in 
  #Ot> 
  3 
  (#H) 
  2 
  a 
  

   radical 
  with 
  electric 
  charges, 
  yet 
  not 
  an 
  ion, 
  because 
  its 
  

   charges 
  are 
  equal 
  and 
  opposite. 
  I 
  propose 
  to 
  call 
  such 
  a 
  

  

  M2 
  

  

  