﻿164 
  Mr. 
  W. 
  Sutherland 
  on 
  Ionization 
  } 
  

  

  radical 
  or 
  atom 
  a 
  stion, 
  as 
  in 
  static 
  electricity 
  it 
  bears 
  the 
  

   same 
  important 
  relation 
  to 
  dielectric 
  capacity 
  as 
  the 
  ion 
  to 
  

   conductivity 
  in 
  current 
  electricity. 
  The 
  neutron 
  and 
  the 
  

   stion 
  differ 
  as 
  do 
  the 
  electron 
  and 
  the 
  ion 
  ; 
  the 
  neutron 
  and 
  

   electron 
  are 
  the 
  molecule 
  and 
  atom 
  of 
  electricity, 
  the 
  stion 
  and 
  

   the 
  ion 
  are 
  atoms 
  of 
  matter 
  with 
  associated 
  electrons. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  this 
  line 
  of 
  thought 
  those 
  substances 
  which 
  

   fail 
  to 
  conform 
  to 
  the 
  law 
  K 
  = 
  n 
  2 
  fail, 
  when 
  K 
  is 
  measured 
  

   electrostatically, 
  because 
  they 
  contain 
  stions, 
  which 
  are 
  

   doublets 
  of 
  exceptionally 
  large 
  electric 
  moment. 
  

  

  We 
  spoke 
  above 
  of 
  the 
  time 
  taken 
  by 
  the 
  % 
  and 
  [> 
  to 
  rush 
  

   together 
  to 
  form 
  ]}, 
  and 
  that 
  they 
  do 
  so 
  ultimately 
  rush 
  together 
  

   is 
  proved 
  by 
  the 
  not 
  very 
  abnormal 
  dielectric 
  capacity 
  of 
  steam 
  

   (Lebedew, 
  loc. 
  cit.), 
  but 
  before 
  they 
  settle 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  

   stationary 
  state 
  which 
  characterizes 
  them 
  in 
  the 
  molecule 
  of 
  

   steam, 
  they 
  will 
  revolve 
  in 
  their 
  relative 
  orbits, 
  dissipating 
  

   their 
  energy 
  till 
  it 
  falls 
  to 
  its 
  stationary 
  value. 
  But 
  a 
  

   #Ot> 
  3 
  (#H) 
  2 
  group 
  broken 
  off 
  from 
  {#Ot> 
  3 
  (#H 
  2 
  )} 
  3 
  in 
  water 
  can 
  

   enjoy 
  only 
  a 
  certain 
  average 
  time 
  of 
  independent 
  existence. 
  

   Again, 
  given 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  stions 
  with 
  the 
  electric 
  axes 
  of 
  

   their 
  doublets 
  uniformly 
  distributed 
  as 
  to 
  direction, 
  and 
  a 
  

   field 
  of 
  electric 
  force 
  suddenly 
  created 
  where 
  they 
  are, 
  it 
  will 
  

   take 
  a 
  certain 
  time 
  for 
  the 
  axes 
  to 
  adjust 
  themselves 
  to 
  the 
  

   directions 
  giving 
  maximum 
  dielectric 
  capacity 
  to 
  the 
  region. 
  

   If 
  the 
  field 
  of 
  electric 
  force 
  is 
  an 
  alternating 
  one, 
  and 
  if 
  its 
  

   period 
  of 
  alternation 
  is 
  only 
  a 
  fraction 
  of 
  the 
  time 
  required 
  

   to 
  produce 
  maximum 
  dielectric 
  capacity, 
  we 
  see 
  dielectric 
  

   capacity 
  must 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  function 
  of 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  alterna- 
  

   tion, 
  with 
  limiting 
  values 
  K 
  = 
  2 
  and 
  K 
  = 
  80. 
  With 
  an 
  order 
  

   of 
  frequency 
  about 
  10 
  8 
  per 
  second 
  Perot 
  (Comjit. 
  Rend. 
  1894) 
  

   found 
  K 
  = 
  2'04, 
  while 
  with 
  10 
  6 
  alternations 
  per 
  second, 
  

   J. 
  Hopkinson 
  and 
  Wilson 
  (Proc. 
  Boy. 
  Soc. 
  lx.) 
  found 
  K 
  to 
  

   be 
  less 
  than 
  3. 
  It 
  would 
  appear 
  then 
  that 
  the 
  time 
  taken 
  for 
  

   the 
  stion 
  axes 
  to 
  be 
  maximally 
  directed 
  in 
  a 
  field 
  of 
  electric 
  

   force 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  order 
  10" 
  6 
  second. 
  This 
  time 
  would 
  be 
  an 
  

   interesting 
  subject 
  of 
  calculation 
  if 
  we 
  knew 
  more 
  of 
  the 
  

   relations 
  between 
  electrons 
  and 
  atoms. 
  

  

  2. 
  The 
  Laws 
  of 
  Binary 
  Electrolytes. 
  

  

  ,; 
  Let 
  i 
  be 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  ionization 
  of 
  an 
  electrolytic 
  solution 
  

   containing 
  m 
  gramme-equivalents 
  of 
  solute 
  per 
  litre 
  of 
  

   Solution, 
  or 
  ljrn 
  ( 
  = 
  «) 
  litres 
  of 
  solution 
  per 
  gramme-equivalent 
  

   of 
  solute, 
  then 
  Ostwald's 
  well-known 
  reasoning 
  gives 
  the 
  rate 
  

   of 
  dissociation 
  proportional 
  to 
  m(l— 
  z), 
  say 
  equal 
  to 
  cm(l-i), 
  

   and 
  that 
  of 
  recombination 
  equal 
  to 
  c'm 
  2 
  i 
  2 
  with 
  the 
  condition 
  

  

  