﻿174 
  Mr. 
  W. 
  Sutherland 
  on 
  Ionization, 
  

  

  Similar 
  considerations 
  to 
  those 
  adduced 
  for 
  water 
  must 
  

   apply 
  to 
  other 
  ionizing 
  liquids. 
  Take 
  for 
  example 
  liquid 
  

   NH 
  3 
  . 
  The 
  constitution 
  of 
  NH 
  4 
  C1 
  suggests 
  for 
  it 
  the 
  formula 
  

  

  H 
  H 
  

  

  ff 
  * 
  

  

  H* 
  b 
  J 
  b 
  .tH 
  

  

  CI 
  

  

  whence 
  gaseous 
  NH 
  3 
  , 
  like 
  steam, 
  has 
  a 
  neutron 
  associated 
  

   with 
  each 
  molecule, 
  though 
  this 
  neutron 
  need 
  not 
  have 
  the 
  

   same 
  electric 
  moment 
  as 
  the 
  neutrons 
  of 
  free 
  aether. 
  Liquid 
  

   NH 
  3 
  may 
  consist 
  of 
  di- 
  or 
  tri-ammonia, 
  the 
  molecules 
  of 
  which 
  

   on 
  dissociation 
  yield 
  stions 
  #Nt> 
  3 
  (#H) 
  3 
  t>, 
  whence 
  the 
  ionizing 
  

   power 
  of 
  liquid 
  NH 
  3 
  . 
  For 
  P01 
  5 
  we 
  can 
  imagine 
  the 
  

   constitution 
  

  

  CI 
  CI 
  

  

  \> 
  \> 
  

  

  % 
  % 
  

  

  cit> 
  # 
  Wei 
  

   $ 
  

   CI 
  

  

  in 
  which 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  CI 
  atoms 
  is 
  quite 
  differently 
  attached 
  

   from 
  the 
  other 
  four, 
  being 
  ready 
  to 
  form 
  C1#[>C1 
  and 
  PC1 
  3 
  

   when 
  PC1 
  5 
  dissociates. 
  The 
  easy 
  dissociation 
  of 
  NH 
  4 
  C1 
  

   would 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  way, 
  and 
  probably 
  a 
  large 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  phenomena 
  connected 
  with 
  variable 
  valency 
  could 
  

   receive 
  a 
  similar 
  electrical 
  treatment. 
  

  

  3. 
  Ionic 
  Velocities 
  and 
  Absolute 
  Sizes 
  of 
  Atoms. 
  

  

  For 
  what 
  is 
  usually 
  called 
  the 
  velocity 
  j\ 
  of 
  an 
  ion 
  at 
  any 
  

   dilution 
  we 
  have 
  from 
  (9) 
  the 
  equation 
  

  

  J_ 
  Ko 
  _1 
  n± 
  . 
  

  

  lX 
  ' 
  ie 
  '67r 
  V 
  a, 
  . 
  •K 
  1 
  'l-(l-K 
  a 
  /K 
  1 
  )*i/I>-(l-Ko/K 
  s 
  )* 
  a 
  /D 
  U4j 
  

  

  At 
  infinite 
  dilution 
  

  

  1 
  \ 
  = 
  ^ 
  2 
  K 
  /67n;a 
  1 
  K 
  1 
  (15) 
  

  

  Of 
  the 
  quantities 
  entering 
  into 
  this 
  last 
  e 
  2 
  , 
  a 
  x 
  and 
  K 
  x 
  are 
  not 
  

   capable 
  of 
  direct 
  physical 
  measurement 
  like 
  the 
  others, 
  but 
  

   if 
  K 
  : 
  were 
  known, 
  then 
  since 
  we 
  know 
  Mj/« 
  from 
  the 
  electro- 
  

   chemical 
  equivalent 
  of 
  the 
  ion 
  of 
  mass 
  M 
  x 
  , 
  and 
  as 
  M 
  x 
  = 
  47rp 
  1 
  a 
  1 
  3 
  

   where 
  pi 
  is 
  the 
  limiting 
  density 
  of 
  the 
  substance 
  at 
  absolute 
  

  

  