﻿used 
  in 
  playing 
  Brass 
  Instruments. 
  387 
  

  

  and 
  so 
  retaining 
  the 
  water 
  columns 
  in 
  place. 
  These 
  are 
  read 
  

   and 
  recorded 
  and 
  then 
  the 
  next 
  note 
  is 
  called 
  for. 
  

  

  The 
  manometer- 
  scales 
  were 
  graduated 
  to 
  centimetres 
  and 
  

   estimated 
  to 
  quarters 
  o£ 
  a 
  division. 
  

  

  A 
  mercury 
  manometer 
  was 
  tried 
  for 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  higher 
  

   pressures 
  exceeding 
  a 
  metre 
  of 
  water, 
  but 
  was 
  quickly 
  

   abandoned 
  as 
  being 
  far 
  less 
  convenient. 
  

  

  Lines 
  of 
  Investigation. 
  — 
  It 
  was 
  decided 
  to 
  find 
  how 
  the 
  

   air-pressure 
  required 
  to 
  sound 
  the 
  different 
  notes 
  varied 
  with 
  

   (1) 
  the 
  pitch 
  of 
  the 
  note, 
  (2) 
  its 
  loudness, 
  (3) 
  the 
  fingering 
  

   or 
  other 
  manipulation 
  of 
  the 
  instrument, 
  (4) 
  on 
  the 
  instru- 
  

   ment 
  itself. 
  In 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  cases 
  of 
  inquiry 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  effect 
  

   of 
  any 
  one 
  variable 
  cause, 
  the 
  other 
  variables 
  were 
  kept 
  con- 
  

   stant 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  circumstances 
  permitted. 
  Thus, 
  to 
  test 
  how 
  

   the 
  pressure 
  depended 
  upon 
  pitch, 
  a 
  scale 
  was 
  played 
  with 
  

   the 
  loudness 
  maintained 
  as 
  nearly 
  as 
  possible 
  the 
  same. 
  The 
  

   fingering 
  was, 
  however, 
  necessarily 
  changed 
  to 
  produce 
  the 
  

   consecutive 
  notes 
  of 
  the 
  scale. 
  Again, 
  for 
  dependence 
  of 
  

   pressure 
  on 
  loudness, 
  the 
  same 
  note 
  was 
  played 
  with 
  various 
  

   intensities, 
  then 
  another 
  note 
  with 
  various 
  intensities, 
  and 
  so 
  

   on. 
  Thirdly, 
  where 
  the 
  same 
  note 
  was 
  obtainable 
  with 
  two 
  

   fingerings, 
  the 
  sound 
  was 
  obtained 
  of 
  the 
  given 
  pitch 
  and 
  

   with 
  the 
  same 
  intensity, 
  first 
  with 
  the 
  usual 
  and 
  then 
  with 
  

   the 
  alternate 
  fingering. 
  

  

  The 
  Scale 
  on 
  Brass 
  Instruments. 
  — 
  In 
  order 
  to 
  render 
  sub- 
  

   sequent 
  references 
  quite 
  clear, 
  it 
  seems 
  desirable 
  to 
  explain 
  

   here 
  how 
  the 
  scale 
  is 
  obtained 
  both 
  with 
  slide 
  and 
  valve 
  

   instruments. 
  In 
  the 
  slide 
  instruments, 
  when 
  the 
  slide 
  is 
  in 
  

   the 
  first 
  position,, 
  i. 
  e. 
  closed, 
  the 
  minimum 
  length 
  of 
  tubing- 
  

   is 
  in 
  use, 
  and 
  the 
  only 
  notes 
  obtainable 
  are 
  those 
  with 
  which 
  

   that 
  length 
  of 
  tubing 
  is 
  in 
  resonance. 
  These 
  form 
  the 
  har- 
  

   monic 
  series, 
  the 
  relative 
  frequencies 
  of 
  the 
  notes 
  being 
  1, 
  2, 
  

   3, 
  I, 
  5, 
  6, 
  &c. 
  ; 
  the 
  fundamental 
  or 
  prime 
  is 
  termed 
  by 
  

   musicians 
  the 
  " 
  pedal 
  " 
  and 
  is 
  rarely 
  used. 
  By 
  drawing 
  the 
  

   slide 
  out 
  to 
  the 
  second 
  position, 
  sufficient 
  length 
  of 
  tubing 
  is 
  

   introduced 
  to 
  put 
  the 
  instrument 
  in 
  resonance 
  with 
  notes 
  a 
  

   semitone 
  lower. 
  The 
  other 
  positions 
  to 
  the 
  seventh 
  inclusive 
  

   lower 
  the 
  notes 
  of 
  the 
  instrument 
  by 
  a 
  tone, 
  a 
  tone 
  and 
  a 
  

   half, 
  &c. 
  to 
  three 
  tones 
  respectively. 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  slide 
  

   has 
  thus 
  three 
  effects 
  : 
  (1) 
  it 
  furnishes 
  the 
  complete 
  chromatic 
  

   scale 
  in 
  the 
  largest 
  interval 
  which 
  occurs 
  between 
  the 
  notes 
  

   in 
  use 
  natural 
  to 
  the 
  instrument 
  with 
  the 
  slide 
  closed, 
  viz., 
  

   between 
  the 
  second 
  and 
  third 
  harmonics, 
  whose 
  interval 
  is 
  a 
  

   fifth 
  ; 
  (2) 
  and 
  consequently 
  it 
  more 
  than 
  bridges 
  all 
  the 
  other 
  

   intervals 
  (fourth, 
  major 
  third, 
  &c.) 
  which 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  higher 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  harmonic 
  series, 
  thus 
  giving 
  alternate 
  methods 
  of 
  

   playing 
  various 
  notes 
  ; 
  (3) 
  it 
  extends 
  the 
  scale 
  downwards. 
  

  

  