THE GENUS CALOSOMA. 47 



one of the five females reproduced. This was one of those collected 

 during the spring and it deposited 12 fertile eggs. 



One pair of beetles collected June 1 and 7, 1912, was placed imme- 

 diately in a jar for rearing records. The female began oviposition 

 June 8 and continued until June 23. One hundred and thirty fertile 

 eggs were deposited and the female died July 2. 



Thirteen pairs of beetles were confined in jars at the laboratory 

 during 1909, 1910, and 1911, and only three pairs reproduced. Fifty- 

 one fertile eggs was the total number secured, or an average of 17 to 

 each female that deposited. In 1896 * the senior author kept one 

 female in confinement that produced 186 fertile eggs in one season. 

 It is probable that most of the beetles collected during the spring and 

 confined at the laboratory were young stock. It has been demon- 

 strated and published in Bulletin 101 of the Bureau of Entomology 

 that Calosoma sycophanta reproduces very sparingly during the first 

 year, and the same is evidently true of C. frigidum. From four first- 

 year females of the latter species in confinement during 1910 only two 

 fertile eggs were secured. 



LONGEVITY. 



One pair of adults were collected in eastern Massachusetts about 

 June 15, 1909. The male died September 2, 1910, and the female 

 some time later during the same hibernation period. Another male 

 collected in the spring of 1910 lived until June 21, 1911. The latter 

 male was paired in a jar with a young female which was a pupa of 

 the summer of 1909. The young female lived just one year in the 

 adult stage. Another pair of beetles were pupae of the summer of 

 1909. The male died during the hibernation of 1910-11, but the 

 female lived until Julv 6, 1911. None of the beetles cited in the 

 above instances reproduced while in captivity. 



Those beetles that were collected in the field during the spring 

 were probably pupae the previous summer. On this basis the first 

 pair of beetles cited lived one or two months over two years. The 

 one which lived longest of any reared at the laboratory was a female, 

 which remained alive for about two years. The available records 

 do not show that this species lives longer than two years, but it is 

 probable that it lives at least three years in the field. 



HIBERNATION. 



From the small collection of larvae brought from New Hampshire 

 August 1, 1909, five adults were reared. The larvae ceased feeding 

 between August 9 and 13 and then burrowed into the earth in the 

 cages, where they constructed cavities for pupation. Four of the 

 cavities formed were from 1 to 2^ inches below the surface, while one 

 specimen was found 6 inches below. One female emerged May 

 20, 1910, three females May 26, and one male was dug up June 4. 

 Two other pairs entered hibernation July 18 and 27, 1910, respec- 

 tively. One female lived to emerge June 1, 1911, and one male was 

 dug up June 7. Thev hibernated f to 2 inches below the surface. 



The average date that old beetles entered hibernation in the sum- 

 mer of 1910 was July 29, but young adults, which do not breed, may 



1 Burgess, A. F. Notes on certain Coleoptera known to attack the gipsy moth. In 14th Ann. Kpt. 

 Mass. Slate Bd. Agr. f. lS9t>, p. 412-431 (p. 419), pi. 3-5, 



