Chap. X. 



PRODUCTS OF SOIL— TRIBUTE. 



135 



and he wisely supplied the vacancies by extending the 

 privilege to a large number of the subject Makalaka. Thus we 

 found him with even the sons of the chiefs of the Barotse closely (27) 

 attached to his person; and they say to this day that one 

 and all they would have laid down their lives in his defence. 

 The motto upon which he acted was, " All are children of the 

 chief." 



The Makalaka cultivate the Holcus sorghum, or dura, as the 

 principal grain, with maize, two kinds of beans, ground-nuts 

 (Arachis hypogcea), pumpkins, water-melons, and cucumbers. 

 Those who live in the Barotse valley raise in addition the 

 sugar-cane, sweet-potato, and manioc (Jatropha manihot). The 

 climate there, however, is warmer than at Linyanti, and the 

 Makalaka increase the fertility of their gardens by rude 

 attempts at artificial irrigation. The instrument of culture 

 over all this region is a hoe. The Batoka and Banyeti obtain 

 the iron in considerable quantities from the ore by smelting. 

 Most of the hoes in use at Linyanti are the tax imposed on 

 the smiths of those conquered tribes. 



Sekeletu receives tribute from a great number of tribes in 



A Batoka hod. 



corn or dura, ground-nuts, hoes, spears, honey, canoes, pad- 

 dles, wooden vessels, tobacco, mutokuane (Cannabis sativa), 

 various wild fruits (dried), prepared skins, and ivory. \\ hen 

 these articles are brought into the kotla, the chief divides 

 them among the loungers who usually congregate there, 



