﻿96 Geological Society. 



stress upon the movements of Devonian times, which had caused the 

 Lower Palaeozoic rocks to be affected by a series of fractures forming 

 a roughly-rhomboidal network, the fissures being marked by belts 

 of broken rock along their courses. These belts were spoken of as 

 * shatter-belts,' and their nature and distribution described. 



He accepted Hopkins's view of the formation of a dome com- 

 parable in shape to a ' caddy-spoon ' with the short handle to the 

 east, and argued that a subsidiary uplift occurred over the site of 

 the Howgill Fells and adjoining country, and other subsidiary 

 uplifts possibly over the Skiddaw and Helvellyn tracts. Between 

 these uplifts and the Pennine Chain were the depressions of Eden- 

 side on the north-east, and of Morecambe Bay and the neighbouring 

 lowlands on the south-east. 



He gave further reasons in support of the view, previously put 

 forward independently by Goodchild and himself, that the uplift of 

 the dome and the final movements of the Pennine Chain were of 

 Tertiary date. 



After commenting on the now generally-received view that rocks 

 of New-Red-Sandstone age, and perhaps of later date, extended over 

 the district, he discussed the nature of the radial drainage impressed 

 upon these newer rocks during the uplift of the dome, and the 

 removal of these rocks in the district itself by denudation, pro- 

 ducing a superimposed drainage on the Lower Palaeozoic rocks. 



He then discussed the changes which took place in the valleys as 

 the result of the imposition of the rivers upon the ancient rocks, 

 and maintained that diversion of the river-courses had largely taken 

 place owing to the easier erosion along the shatter- belts, describing 

 in detail the cases of the Langdale, Dudclon, and Borrowdale 

 drainage-areas in support of his views. 



In this part of the address the position of the principal hanging- 

 valleys was indicated, and it was pointed out that there were two 

 sets, namely those which ' mouthed ' into valleys that had been 

 deepened in softer rocks, and those which ' mouthed ' into portions 

 of main valleys that had been deepened along shatter-belts. 



When discussing the effects of meteorological conditions he com- 

 mented on hill- outlines, which he had elsewhere mentioned, where 

 the upper parts of hill- slopes presented a convex outline towards 

 west and south, and a concave curve towards east and north. This 

 he attempted to explain as due to the more profuse growth of vege- 

 tation on the slopes facing west and south. 



In discussing glacial changes, he admitted that in former papers 

 he had over-estimated the importance of glacial dams in holding up 

 the waters of lakes, and now recognized that Watendlath Tarn, 

 Elterwater, and Thirlmere occurred in true rock-basins, and that 

 other lakes of the district were therefore, in all probability, partly 

 rock-basins. 



He believed that some of his views would be proved capable of 

 more than local application, and that they proved the importance 

 of the study, on the part of the geographer, of geological details in 

 addition to general geological structure. 



