PLATE Xm— BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris) and POPPY (Papaver Rhceas). 



Barberry. 



The common Barberry is remarkable for its leaf-spines and its irritable stamens. 



The Leaf-spines (see Cryptogams, PI. XVI.) are hard woody pointed structures, bearing in their axils the branches reduced to tufts of 

 leaves. 



The Stamens stand out from the Carpel and lie in the hollow of the petals. If a stamen is touched at the base, with a pin for 

 instance, it curves forward towards the centre of the flower ; and it is evident that when an insect visits the honey-glands, situated at the 

 base of the petals, it will irritate the stamens, get dusted with the pollen, and possibly be hurried off in alarm to the next flower. 

 The connection of the Barberry with Rust of Wheat is shown in treating of that Fungus. 

 Fig. 1. Inflorescence — a Raceme, as in Baneberry. 



Fig. 2. Flower showing twelve honey-glands — in pairs— at base of each petal, and the Stamens close to the petals. 

 Diagram I. — Barberry — Parts of the flower in three's ; Gyncecium being single. 

 Diagram II. — Epimedium — Parts of the flower in two's; Gyncecium being single. 

 Fig. 3. Stamen with Anther opening by Valves. 



The irritability of the stamens can easily be tested in species of Barberry or Mahonia, common in shrubberies. 

 Fig. 4. Fruit — a Berry, as in Baneberry. 



Fig. 5. Seed in vertical section. 

 Seed cover. 

 Endosperm. 

 Embryo occupying the axis of the seed. 



Poppy. 



The Field Poppy, so common in fields and waste places, has a conspicuous scarlet flower. If the flower is examined while still 

 wrapped up in the two sepals, it will be found that the anthers fit exactly between the stigmatic rays; and as the inner stamens open 

 first by lateral slits, the pollen is necessarily dusted over the rays of the stigma which stand up like so many ribs in the centre of the 

 flower. The Stigma is not quite mature, and the pollen is just so much dainty food, spread out on a table as it were, and arranged 

 along radiating lines. When the sepals fall away and the flower expands the stamens have diverged, as in Fig. 2. An insect attracted by 

 the scarlet naturally alights on the solid centre, and finds the pollen it is in quest of. It is arranged along certain lines, and just as the 

 lines and bands of many flowers are supposed to be honey-guides, so these stigmatic rays may be of the nature of pollen-guides. 

 There is abundance of pollen produced by the numerous stamens ; and the insects, no doubt while feasting themselves, will carry pollen 

 on their bodies from one flower to another. 



Flower — 



Fig. 1. Flower-bud showing the two Sepals which fall off as the flower expands, and the crumpled Petals beneath. 



Fig. 2. Take an expanded flower, and make a section through it. 

 Peduncle, hairy. 



Petals, larger and smaller, inserted beneath ovary. 

 Stamens, inserted beneath ovary. 

 Carpels, united. 



Diagram III. — Calyx of two free hairy Sepals. 



Corolla of four free Petals, in two whorls of two each. 

 Andrcecium of numerous Stamens in alternating whorls. 

 Gyncecium of numerous united Carpels, as indicated by the partial partitions of the ovary. 



Foliage- and Floral- Leaves — 



Fig. 3. Foliage-leaf with ascending lobes and bristle at the tip of each, 



Fig. 4. Floral-leaves — inner side. 

 (a.) Sepal, concave. 

 (£, c.) Outer and inner Petals, the outer pair largest. 



Fig. 5. Stamens with anthers opening laterally. 

 Fruit and Seed — 



Fig. 6. Fruit — a Capsule which opens by pores. 



Fig. 7. Seeds with netted markings. 



FigS. 8 and 9. Section of seed showing Embryo and Endosperm. 



Embryo turned out with the fine hairs of a small brush. 



Fig. 10. Fruit of Celandine (Chelidonium) opening by two valves. 



Diagram IV. — The edges of the carpels are infolded, nearly meeting in the centre, and the ovules are attached to the surface 



(not to the edges) of the inturned carpels. 

 Diagram V— Fruit of Celandine consisting of two carpels, and forming a siliquose fruit 



CLASSIFICATION. 



Class. — Dicotyledon. 

 Division. — Polypetalae. 

 Sub-division. — Thalamiflorse. 

 Order. — Berberideae. 



Flower with Bract. 



Stamens definite, and Anthers opening by valves. 



Fruit, a Berry usually. 



Seed with endosperm. 

 Order. — Papaveraceae. 



Flower, regular. 



Petals, four. 



Stamens, indefinite. 



Fruit, a Capsule. 



Seed with endosperm. 



