90 Anatomy and Physiology. 



Fig. 6. Hastate — Javelin-shaped, triangular, base and sides hollowed, angles 

 spreading. 



7. Laciniate — Jagged, variously divided into parts, indeterminately sub- 



divided. 



8. Cartilaginous — Bristly, edge strengthened by a tough border, differing 



from the leaf. 



9. Crisp — Curled, circumference larger than the disk — all stick, monsters, 



10. Hispid — Rough, disk covered with a stiffish sort of frangible bristles. 



COMPOUND LEAVES. 



11. Biternate — Three leaves on a stalk, each leaf ternate. 



12. Bipinnate — Double-winged, when the leaves of a pinnate leaf are pinnate. 



13. Triternate — Three leaves borne on each petiole, each leaf composed of 



three in itself. 



DETERMINATE LEAVES. 



14. Index — Bending inwards, leaf is bowed upwards towards the stem. 



15. Seminal — once cotyledons, and are the first to appear — seed-leaves. 



16. Floral — Flower-leaves, placed at the coining out of the flower. 



17. Perfoliate — Base of the leaf continued across the stem, till it grows to- 



gether around it. 



18. Fasciculate — Bundled, coming out from the same point. 



19. Imbricate — Corded and erect, so as to lie one over another. 



Leaves present different forms according to their habits, but as 

 a general rule, the cause of all alterations may be discovered by a 

 comparison with the true type. Sometimes they become succu- 

 lent, as in the ice plant, where the skeleton is entirely concealed ; 

 at other times the parenchyma seems wanting, and they are scale- 

 like, or present a spinous appearance. In many instances the 

 petiole undergoes peculiar transformations, by which pitchers, 

 saddles, and many other curious objects are produced. These 

 are obviously for useful purposes, and to supply water when it 

 cannot otherwise be produced, and thus sustain men or animals. 

 The Ceylon monkey-cup, or Chinese pitcher-plant, is one of 

 them. The leaves are sent out at once from the stem ; the cen- 

 tral woody portion becomes a tendril sometimes nearly a foot 

 long, swelling out at its extremity into a handsome cylindrical 

 pitcher, always holding, unless recently emptied, about seven 

 ounces of perfectly pure water, secreted by the plant itself, and 

 furnished with a tightly fitting lid, to prevent evaporation. Tra- 

 vellers tell us that not only do they take advantage of this con- 

 trivance of nature for their benefit, but that the monkeys have also 

 discovered the secret, and will coolly lift up the lid and drain the 



