Loss of Energy due to Chemical Union Sfc. 



41 



weak ones, the same as in Section A. 6th. They were 

 smaller with the carbonates than with the hydrates ; whilst 

 with aluminium as the positive metal, the losses with hydrates 

 varied from 42*7 to 13'98 per cent., with the corresponding 

 carbonates they varied from 22*43 to 2'78 per cent. ; they 

 were smaller with the carbonates, because the energy of 

 chemical union was less, and because a portion of the energy 

 had already been lost during the act of union of the base with 

 the carbonic acid • the same circumstances explain to some 

 extent the occurrence of gains instead of losses of electro- 

 motive force in some of the cases. And 7th. The magnitude 

 of losses was largely affected by the kind of positive metal ; 

 whilst with aluminium the losses with carbonates varied from 

 22*43 to 2*78 per cent., with tin the variation was from a loss 

 of 19'0 to a gain of 13*4 per cent. ; the order of magnitude 

 of loss, however, was in the majority of cases substantially 

 the same with different positive metals. The proportion of 

 gains to losses was much larger with zinc than with cadmium. 

 The next section, C, consists of Salts + Salts, and in- 

 cludes mixtures of substances, the ingredients of which, in 

 most of the cases at least, are not usually considered to 

 chemically unite with each other, and in which the energy of 

 action is very feeble, and consequently the loss of electro- 

 motive force may be expected to be very much less than in 

 Sections A and B. In this section, as in the previous 

 ones, the ingredients of each pair are in equivalent proportions 

 to each other, and the compounds are arranged in chemical 

 series so as to facilitate comparison with the atomic weights, 

 &c. of the metallic bases. 



Section C. — Salts + Salts. 

 Table XV. — Positive metal, Cadmium. Strong Solutions. 



Ingredients. E.M.F. 



Mixture. E.M.F. 



Calculated 

 E.M.F. 



Change of Per 

 E.M.F. cent. 



KCl. -97870 

 CaCl 2 . -96154 

 SrCl 2 . -96440 

 BaCf 2 . -97298 



2KCl+CaCl 2 . -9501 

 „ -r-SrOl.,. -9501 

 „ +BaCl~ 2 . -94152 



•9713 

 •9713 

 •9753 



Loss -0212 = 2-18 

 „ -0212 218 

 „ -0337 3-46 



MgCl,. -96726 

 ZnCl 2 . -96726 

 CdCl 2 . -96440 



2KC14-MgCl 2 . -9501 

 „ +ZnCl 2 . -95727 

 „ 4-CdCl 2 . -9358 



•9742 

 •9732 

 •9708 



Loss -0241 = 2-47 

 „ 0159 L63 

 „ -0350 3t>0 



K 2 S0 4 . -96440 

 MgSCv -96154 



ZnSO t -97298 

 CdS0 4 . -97870 



K^Oi+MgSO* -95296 

 „ +ZnS0 4 . -9^X2 

 „ + CdSO t . -95382 



•9625 

 ■9685 



•Q70Q 



| J722 



Loss -0095 = '99 

 „ -0147 1*51 

 „ -01 84 L89 



