On Glacier Lakes in the Cleveland Hills. 175 



Evidence from borings and Drift-filled channels is given to show 

 that during or before the Glacial Period the land was considerably 

 above its present level. The Glacial deposits are described in detail 

 from sections and borings, some of them carried out by the author, 

 and the assemblages of boulders are identified and classified into three 

 chief groups — a Western group, from the Solway, Yale of Eden, 

 Stainrnoor Pass, and the Tees ; a Northern group, from the Tweed 

 and Cheviots and from Eastern Durham ; and an Eastern group, 

 from the Christiauia region, the Gulf of Bothnia, and Denmark or 

 the North Sea. 



The author has been unable to detect any signs of the presence 

 of the sea in this area at any time during the Glacial Period. 

 Three main ice-masses appear to have been concerned in producing 

 the deposits : one from the Southern Uplands and the Solway, 

 joined by the local ice of the Tees ; a second originating in the 

 Tweed Valley, and driven southward round the Cheviots by the 

 pressure of the third, or Scandinavian, ice-mass. The general 

 order of events is supposed to have been: — (1) the unobstructed 

 passage of the Teesdale glacier to the coast, (2) the arrival of the 

 Scandinavian ice, and (3) the invasion of the Scottish ice. 



The first of the extra-morainic lakes described is that of the Vale 

 of Pickering, the lowest of the sequence, which for a long period 

 received all the drainage of the district except that of the western 

 margin, and the outflow from which into Lake Humber was that 

 now occupied by the River Derwent. Newton Dale was the outflow 

 of the lake-series of the Eskdale country. The Eskdale system 

 comprises a series of lakes connected by an 'aligned sequence' of 

 overflows ; and here it is possible to trace the consequences of the 

 shrinkage of the ice-masses and to follow out the low-level phases 

 of the lake. The ice pressing upon the northern face of the Cleve- 

 land Hills gave rise to a series of lakelets, connected with which are 

 the following set of overflows : — Scugdale and ScarthXick. Bilsdale, 

 Kildale, Ewe Crag Peck, Tranmire, and Egton Moor. Jburndale 

 contained a lakelet overflowing eastward. Behind a narrow coast- 

 strip of country, extending from Robin Hood's Pay to Hunmanby, 

 there runs a gorge which receives all the drainage of the ; hinter- 

 land ' and carries it into the Vale of Pickering. In the production 

 of this arrangement the effects of an ice-sheet shutting the seaward 

 ends of the valleys is traceable ; the position of the main overflows 

 was stable, aud the drainage was permanently deflected. 



In dealing with the sequence of the ice-movements, evidence is 

 brought forward to prove that the Teesdale ice was the first on the 

 ground in question, but none of the lake-phenomena have been 

 correlated with this first phase. The second phase was the complete 

 diversion of this ice into the Vale of York, brought about by the 

 growth of the Scandinavian ice-sheet. The third is the invasion of 

 Scottish-Northumbrian ice, which may have passed out to sea and 

 been driven inland again, carrying flints and smashed sea-shells 

 with it, and may have extended as far as Lincolnshire on the south 

 and Whorlton on the west. 



