FAMILY PSEUDOMONADACEAE 



215 



(Dimitroff, loc. cit.). Utilizes lactates 

 and citrates (Giesberger, loc. cit.). 



Aerobic, facultative. 



Optimum temperature 35 °C. 



Source : Isolated from mud on an oyster 

 shell. 



Habitat : Probably muddy bottom of 

 brackish water. 



6. Spirillum minus Carter. (Carter, 

 Sci. Mem. Med. Officers Army India, 3, 

 1887, 45; Spirillum minor Carter, ibid.; 

 Spirochaeta laverani Breinl and King- 

 horn, Mem. Liverpool Sch. Trop. Med., 

 21, 1906, 55; Spirochaeta miiri.'i Wenyon, 

 Jour. Hyg., 6, 1906, 580; Spirochaeta 

 muris var. virginiana MacNeal, Proc. 

 Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., 4, 1907, 125; 

 Spirochaeta muris var. galatziana Mezin- 

 cescu, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 66, 

 1909, 58; Treponema muris Moore, 

 Principles of Microbiology, 1912, 414; 

 Spirochaeta morsus mnris Futaki, Takaki, 

 Taniguchi and Osumi, Jour. Exp. Med., 

 25, 1917, 33; Spirochaeta petit Row, Ind. 

 Jour. Med. Res., 5, 1917, 386; Spironema 

 muris Noguchi, Jour. Exp. Med., 27, 



1918, 584; Spirochaeta japonica, Dujarric 

 de la Riviere, Ann. de Med., 5, 1918, 184; 

 Spirochaeta morsusmuris Castellani and 

 Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 



1919, 447; Spiroschaudinnia morsusmuris 

 Castellani and Chalmers, ibid.; Spiro- 

 chaeta sodoku Troisier, 1920, according to 

 Pettit, Contribution a I'Etude des 

 Spirochetides, Vanves, II, 1928, 231; 

 Treponema japonicum Brumpt, Nouveau 

 Traitc de Medecine, Paris, 4, 1922, 505; 

 Treponema morsus muris Brumpt, ibid., 

 506; Treponema minor Brumpt, ibid., 

 507; Treponema laverani Brumpt, ibid., 

 507; Treponema sodoku Brumpt, ibid., 

 514; Spirochaeta pettiti Row, Jour. 

 Trop. Med. and Hyg., 25, 1922, 364; 

 Treponemella muris San Giorgi, Patho- 

 logica rivista, 14, 1922, 461; Borrelia 

 muris Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 

 1925, 435; Spirillum minus var. morsus 

 muris Ruys, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 

 103, 1927, 270; Spirillum minus var. 



?nuris Ruys, ibid.; Spironevia minor 

 Ford, Textb. of Bact., 1927, 962; Spiro- 

 nema laverani Ford, ibid., 963 ; Spironema 

 muris var. virginiana Ford, ibid., 963; 

 Spirella morsusmuris Noguchi, in Jordan 

 and P'alk, Newer Knowledge Bact. and 

 Immun., 1928, 497; Spirella muris 

 Noguchi, ibid.) From Latin, minus, 

 less. 



Description taken from Adachi, Jour. 

 E.xp. Med., 33, 1921, 647 and Giesberger, 

 Inaug. Diss., Delft, 1936, 67. 



Short thick cells : 0.5 by 3.0 microns, 

 having 2 or 3 windings which are thick, 

 regular and spiral. Actively motile by 

 means of bipolar tufts of flagella. Gram- 

 negative. 



Has not been cultivated on artificial 

 media. 



Aerobic, facultative. 



Pathogenic for man, monkej^s, rats, 

 mice and guinea pigs. 



This species is regarded by some as a 

 spirochaete. Because of its habitat and 

 wide distribution it has been described 

 under many different names. It is 

 possible that some of these names indi- 

 cate varieties or even separate species. 

 See Beeson (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 

 123, 1943, 332) for important literature. 



Source : Found in the blood of rats and 

 mice. 



Habitat : The cause of rat-bite fever. 

 Widely distributed. 



7. Spirillum kutscheri Migula. {Spi- 

 rillum undula majus Kutscher, Cent. f. 

 Bakt., I Abt., 18, 1895, 614; Migula, 

 Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1024.) Named 

 for Kutscher, the German bacteriologist 

 who first isolated the organism. 



Stout threads, 1.5 microns in diameter. 

 Wave lengths 10.5 to 12.5 microns. 

 Width of spiral, 3 to 4.5 microns. May 

 lose their spiral form on continued 

 cultivation. Motile with tufts of flagella 

 at the poles. Gram-negative. 



Gelatin colonies: Transparent, round, 

 surface colonies. Deep colonies, dark 

 brown. 



