FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 



469 



492) agrees and points out that Bacillus 

 phyiophthorus Appel is very similar to 

 Bacillus melanogenes Pethybridge and 

 Murphy. 



Jennison (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 

 10, 1923, 1) concurs and adds Bacillus 

 phTjtophthorus Appel, Ber. d. Deut. Bot. 

 Gesell., 20, 1902, 128 (nomen nudum) and 

 K. Biol. Anst. f. Land. u. Forst. Arb., 3, 

 1903, 364. (This last reference contains 

 Appel's description which is antedated 

 by van Hall's description of the black 

 leg pathogen.) 



Stapp (Arb. d. Biol. Reichs. f. Land- 

 u. Forst., 16, 1928, 702) besides the above 

 species adds Bacillus carotovorus Jones 

 but uses the name Bacillus phyiophthorus 

 and states that the species contains 5 

 serological groups. 



Description from Jennison {loc. cit.). 



Rods : 0.6 by 1.5 microns. Motile with 

 a few peritrichous flagella. No capsules. 

 Gram-negative. 



Gelatin liquefied. 



Agar colonies: Small, round to some- 

 what irregular and whitish. Surface 

 smooth with a glistening luster. 



Broth : Turbid after a few days. Ring" 

 and sometimes a light pellicle. 



Ammonia production feeble to moder- 

 ate (Jennison). Ammonia production 

 absent (Morse, loc. cit.). 



Milk coagulated and acid. A slow 

 peptonization. Litmus reduced. 



Indole not formed. 



Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 



Nitrites are produced from nitrates. 



Acid and gas from glucose, galactose, 

 sucrose, lactose, maltose and mannitol. 

 No acid and gas from dextrin and glycerol . 

 Volume of gas is small. 



Starch not hydrolyzed. 



Cohn's solution: No growth. 



Uschinsky's solution: Good growth. 



Facultative anerobe (Morse, loc. cit.). 



Optimum temperature 26°C. Maxi- 

 mum 33°C. Minimum below 5°C 

 (Morse). 



Slight growth with 3 per cent salt. 

 None with 4 per cent salt. 



Source : From stems of potatoes af- 

 fected with black-leg. 



Habitat: Causes a black rot on stem 

 and tuber of potatoes and other vege- 

 tables. 



Note: Smith (Science, 31, 1910, 748) 

 regarded Erwinia solanisapra and Er- 

 winia phytophthora as very closely re- 

 lated. Brooks, Nain and Rhodes (Jour. 

 Path, and Bact., 28, 1925, 203) held that 

 Erwinia phytophthora, Erwinia sola- 

 nisapra and Erwinia carotovora are dis- 

 tinct serologically, although identical 

 in cultural characteristics. Berridge 

 (Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 12) claimed 

 from serological tests that Erwinia 

 phytophthora and Erwinia solanisapra 

 are different yet closely related organ- 

 isms. Lacey (Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 

 1) from cultural and serological tests 

 considered Erwinia phytophthora, Er- 

 winia solanisapra and Erwinia caroto- 

 vora distinct species. Stapp (Arb. a. d. 

 Biol. Reichanstalt f. Landw. u. Forst- 

 wirtsch., 16, 1928, 643) from serological 

 tests places Erwinia phytophthora in one 

 serological group and Erwinia carotovora 

 in another. Leach (Phytopath., 20, 

 1930, 743) found that Erwinia phytoph- 

 thora and Erioinia carotovora were in- 

 distinguishable in cultural and physio- 

 logical characteristics, the most con- 

 sistent difference being the inky black 

 coloration of the tissues infected with 

 the former. 



Stapp (in Sorauer, Handb. d. Pflan- 

 zenk., 5 Aufl., 2, 1928, 229) states that it 

 is generally believed that the disease 

 caused by Bacillus solanincola Delacroix 

 (Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 133, 

 1901, 417 and 1030) is the same as stem 

 rot of potato (blackleg). 



10. Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Hol- 

 land. {Bacillus carotovorus Jones, Cent, 

 f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 12; Holland, 

 Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 222; Bacterium caro- 

 tovorum Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. 

 Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 446; Pectobac- 



