FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 493 



tionships are the chief means of identifying new strains. There is general dissatis- 

 faction with the granting of species rank to each one of the rapidly mounting number 

 of tj'pes. The purposes of the greater number of bacteriologists, however, will be 

 best served for the present by listing the known types. 



There is a wide difference between the viewpoint of those who think of the sero- 

 logical types recognized in this genus as species, e.g., Schiitze et al. (Jour. Hyg., 34, 

 1934, 333) and the more recently expressed viewpoint of Borman, Stuart and Wheeler 

 (Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 351). The latter authors recognize only three species in the 

 genus. Salmonella choleraesuis, S. typhosa and S. kauffmannii. In the second report 

 by Schutze et al. (Proc. 3rd Internat. Cong. Microbiol., New York, 1940, 832) the so- 

 called species listed in the first report by this Sub-committee are designated as types. 



Kauffmann, who recognizes nearly 150 serotypes in the group, nevertheless notes 

 in a recent paper (Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 22, 1945, 144) that five types are 

 of special interest in the field of human medicine. Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella 

 paratyphi B, Salmonella paratyphi C, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella sendai; and 

 that six types are of special interest in the field of veterinary medicine, Salmonella 

 typhimurium, Salmonella abortusequi, Salmonella abortusovis, Salmonella cholerae- 

 suis, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum-pulloriim. 



The 150 or more serotypes are, in a way, comparable to the 50 or more serotypes of 

 Diplococcus pneumoniae that are recognized on the basis of agglutination with im- 

 mune serums. The serological methods used have proved to be of fundamental value 

 as they provide useful diagnostic procedures by means of which unknown cultures 

 can be accurately and quickly identified. 



As the morphology, staining properties and physiology of the bacteria belonging 

 to the various types are practically identical, only the antigenic structure, source 

 and habitat (so far as the latter is known) have been recorded for the majority of the 

 types listed. Even though there is much duplication, descriptions similar to those 

 used elsewhere in the Manual are given for the eleven types that are of greatest 

 interest. Special mention has also been made of unusual characters such as failure 

 to produce gas from glucose, lactose fermentation, indole production and gelatin 

 liquefaction. 



The nomenclature used for this group presents a special problem. It developed 

 from labelings used for cultures. These were designated by the name of a patient, 

 e.g., Thompson; by the name of the hospital where the patient was placed, e.g., Vir- 

 chow, Bispebjerg; or more frequently by the name of the village, locality or city 

 where the outbreak occurred or was studied, e.g., Borbeck, Altendorf , Tel Aviv. The 

 names of states and larger areas have also been used, e.g., Kentucky, Italia, etc. 

 Recently several types have been named in honor of well-known bacteriologists, e.g., 

 Berta, Gaminara, Arechavaleta. As this useful laboratory labeling is not in the 

 form ordinarily used bj' taxonomists, various suggestions have been made regarding 

 the development of a binomial nomenclature comparable to that more generally used. 

 None of these suggestions has been generally accepted as yet. For example, Haupt 

 (Ergebnisse d. Hyg., 13, 1932, 673) and others who have thought of the serotypes as 

 species have added Latin endings to the place and other proper names that have been 

 used, e.g.. Salmonella readingensis , S. rostockensis. Schutze et al. (Jour. Hj-g., 34, 

 1934, 333) accepted the view that the place and other names should be used in bi- 

 nomials without adding Latin endings. Kauffmann (Ztschr. f . Hyg., 120, 1938, 193), 

 on the other hand, has suggested that letters and numbers, e.g.. Salmonella B2, or 

 even (Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 22, 1945, 147) the antigenic formula be used 

 with the generic name, e.g.. Salmonella IV, V, XII . . . b <-^ 1, 2 . . . instead o( Sal- 

 monella paratyphi B. 



