FAMILY PARVOBACTERIACEAE 



551 



Source : From a guinea pig inoculated 

 with material from a horse suspected of 

 having glanders. 



Habitat : Lesions in natural disease in 

 animals. Causes pseudotuberculosis in 

 rodents, especial!}' guinea pigs. 



5. Pasteurella tularensis (McCoy and 

 Chapin) Bergey et al. {Bacterium tula- 

 rense McCoy and Chapin, Jour. Inf. Dis., 

 10, 1912, 61 ; McCoy and Chapin, Public 

 Health Bull. 53, U. S. Treas. Dept., 

 Public Health Service, 1912, 17; Bacillus 

 tularense Vail, The Ophthalmic Record, 

 23, 1914, 487; also Francis, U. S. 

 Hygienic Lab. Bull. 130, 1922; Bergey 

 et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 267; Bru- 

 cella tularensis Topley and Wilson, 

 Princip. Bact. and Immun., 1st ed., 1, 

 1931, 509; Coccohacterium tularense Galli- 

 Valerio, Schweiz. med. Wochnschr., 68, 

 1938, 1206.) From Tulare, the county in 

 California in which the disease was first 

 observed. 



Description taken from McCoy and 

 Chapin {loc. cit.) and Francis (loc. cit.). 

 Further revision by Francis, 1947. 



Equal numbers of cocci and rods; 0.2 

 by 0.2 to 0.7 micron, occurring singly. 

 Bipolar staining may occur. Capsules 

 rare or absent. Extremely pleomorphic 

 (Hesselbrock and Foshay, J. Bact. 49, 

 1945, 209) Non-motile. Gram-negative. 



Xo growth on plain agar or in 

 liquid media without special enrichment. 

 (Tamura and Gibby, J. Bact. 45, 1943,361) 

 Filterable through Berkefeld filters. 



Growth occurs on coagulated egg-yolk 

 (McCoy and Chapin, loc. cit.), on blood- 

 glucose -cystine agar (Francis, loc. cit.), 

 on blood agar, glucose-blood agar and 

 glucose serum agar. The addition of 

 fresh sterile rabbit spleen to the surface 

 of the last three media favors the growth 

 of the organism. 



Forms minute viscous colonies after 2 

 to 5 days which may attain a diameter of 

 4 mm if well separated. Growth readily 

 emulsifiable. 



Growth on blood media is gray. May 

 cause green discoloration of the blood. 



Rough, smooth and mucoid variants 

 liave not been reported. 



Slight acid without gas may be pro- 

 duced from glucose, glycerol, maltose, 

 mannose, fructose and dextrin. 



Growth .soluble in sodium ricinoleate. 



Hj^drogen sulfide produced in a cystine 

 medium. 



Aerobic. No growth anaerobically. 



Optimum temperature 37 °C. Thermal 

 death point 56°C for ten minutes. Sur- 

 vives best at low temperatures, even 

 -70°C. 



Pathogenicity : Penetrates unl^roken 

 skin to cause infection. Buboes and 

 areas of necrosis produced in human and 

 animal tissue. Infectious for man and 

 most rodents, including rabbits, guinea 

 pigs, rats, mice, squirrels, ground hogs, 

 muskrats, beavers, water rats and 

 lemmings. 



Source: Originally isolated from Cali- 

 fornia ground squirrels and later from 

 more than 30 other forms of wild life in 

 the United States and elsewhere. Found 

 in lesions in man and animals with natu- 

 ral or experimental infections. E^spe- 

 cially the liver, blood, lymph nodes, and 

 spleen of animals. 



Habitat : The cause of tularemia in 

 man and transmitted from wild animals 

 to man by blood-sucking insects, by con- 

 tact with infected animals, or bj' drinking 

 water. Disease known in North America, 

 Japan, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Austria, 

 Turkey, Czechoslovakia and Central 

 Germany. See Burroughs, Holdenreid, 

 Longanecker and Meyer, Jour. Inf. Dis., 

 76, 1945, 115 for a complete list of known 

 vertebrate hosts. 



Appendix: The following organisms 

 may be identical with some of those 

 listed above or related to them: 



Bacillus coscoroba Tretrop. (Tretrop, 

 .\nn. Inst. Past., U, 1900, 224; not Bacil- 

 lus coscoroba MacConkey, Jour. Hyg., 6, 

 1906, 397.) The cause of swan cholera 

 in the Antwerp Zoological Garden. 

 Tretrop 's description is that of a Pas- 

 teurella as is pointed out by Castellani 



