784 



MANUAL OF DETERMINATIVE BACTERIOLOGY 



retained within the sporangium, of which 

 the distal end frays out to fibrils, giving 

 the characteristic fish-tail appearance. 

 Otherwise closely resembles Clostridium 

 sporogenes. 



Source : From soured hams and from 

 salt. 



Habitat: Not determined, other than 

 these sources. 



13e. Clostridium parasporogenes (Bul- 

 loch et al . ) Bergey et al . (Bacillus Type 

 XII, Mcintosh and Fildes, Med. Res. 

 Counc, Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 12, 1917, 36; 

 Bacillus parasporogenes Bulloch et al., 

 Med. Res. Counc, Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 

 39, 1919, 39; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st 

 ed., 1923, 327 ; Clostridium sporogenes var. 

 parasporogenes Pr^vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 

 ei, 1938,83.) 



Deep agar colonies : Lenticular to 

 slightly irregular. Not woolly. 



Pathogenic for young guinea pigs. 

 Filtrate non-toxic on injection or on 

 feeding. 



Optimum temperature 30°C to 35°C. 



Distinctive character : Resembles Clos- 

 tridium sporogenes, but does not form 

 woolly colonies in deep agar, and is 

 agglutinatively distinct. Probably 

 merely a variety. 



Source : From gaseous gangrene. 



Habitat: Not determined. Probably 

 occurs in soil. 



14. Clostriditun parabotulinum Bengt- 

 son. (U. S. Pub. Health Serv., Hyg. 

 Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 32; Types A and B, 

 Burke, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 556; Clostri- 

 dium botulinum Types A and B, Bergey 

 et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 328.) From 

 Latin, para, like; M.L., botulinum,, a 

 species name. 



Note : This group comprises the putre- 

 factive (ovolytic) species, including 

 strains commonly referred to as Memphis 

 and Canton (Type A), and Nevin (Type 

 B). Growth of these types is more 

 easily obtained than with the Clostridium 

 botulinum strains, and the reactions are 

 more obvious. 



Gunnison and Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 

 4-5, 1929, 130) propose an intermediate 

 group between Clostridium botulinum and 

 Clostridium parabotulinum, which they 

 call Clostridium metabotulinum. Such 

 a group would provisionally include cer- 

 tain European Type B strains, the Aus- 

 tralian Type C, certain American Type C 

 strains, and the South African Type D. 



Rods : 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 by 8.0 microns, 

 with rounded ends, occurring singly, in 

 pairs, and in short chains. Motile with 

 peritrichous flagella. Spores oval, 

 subterminal, distinctly swelling rods. 

 Gram-positive. 



Gelatin: Liquehed. 



Deep liver agar colonies : Type A tend 

 to be restricted to compact disks, with 

 sharp outline and small, opaque nucleus 

 at periphery. Type B tend rather to 

 form loose, woolly colonies (indicative 

 only). 



Liver agar surface growth (anaerobic) : 

 Profuse, moist. 



Broth : Fairly abundant diffuse tur- 

 bidity. Many strains spontaneously 

 agglutinate. 



Liver broth : Luxuriant turbidity. 

 Profuse gas. 



Milk : Slight acidity ; slow curdling pre- 

 cipitation, with subsequent digestion and 

 darkening. 



Fermentation records are variable : 

 Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, mal- 

 tose, dextrin, glycerol and salicin. 

 Galactose, sucrose, lactose, rhamnose, 

 raffinose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, man- 

 nitol, xylose, arabinose and inositol not 

 fermented (Bengtson, loc. cit., 22-25). 



Coagulated albumin liquefied: Action 

 of Type B usually more marked than 

 that of Type A. 



Blood serum liquefied. 



Brain medium blackened and digested, 

 with putrefactive odor. 



Meat medium blackened and digested. 

 Putrefactive odor. Tyrosine crystals not 

 observed. 



Pathogenic for animals. Forms a 

 powerful exotoxin which is neurotoxic 

 both on injection and feeding, and which 



