FAMILY BACILLACEAE 



791 



Achalme, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 

 4S, 1891, 651, and Ann. Inst. Past., 11, 

 1897, 848 (Bacille and bacterium 

 d'Achalme, Thiroloix, Compt. rend. Soc. 

 Biol., Paris, 49, 1897, 268; Bacillus achal- 

 mei Neveu-Lemaire, Prdcis Parasitol. 

 Hum., 5th ed., 1921, 24); Bacillus em- 

 physematis maligni Wicklein, Arch. f. 

 Path. Anat. u. Physiol., 125, 1891, 91; 

 Bacillus cadaveris Sternberg, Researches 

 relating to the etiology and prevention 

 of yellow fever, Washington, 1891, 212 

 {Bacterium cadaveris Migula, Syst. d. 

 Bakt., 2, 1900, 510; not Bacillus cadaveris 

 Klein, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 23, 1899, 

 279; not Clostridium cadaveris Sternberg, 

 loc. cit., 213; not Bacillus cadaveris 

 Migula, loc. cit., 646); Bacillus cadaveris 

 hutyricus Budaj', Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 

 24, 1898, 374 {Bacillus budayi and Bac- 

 terium cadaveris butyricum LeBlaye and 

 Guggenheim, Man. Prat, de Diag. Bact., 

 1914, 378; Eubacterium cadaveris Prevot, 

 Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295). 



Bacillus zoodysenteriae Weinberg et al., 

 Les Mic. Anaer., 1937, 256 {Bacillus 

 zoodysenteriae hungaricus Detre, Cent, f . 

 Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 104, 1927, 251; 

 Welchia perfringens var. zoodysenteriae 

 Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 1938, 78). 



Clostridium perfringens var. anaero- 

 genes Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. 

 Path., 1937, 122 (Unnamed species of 

 Grootten, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 

 100, 1929,499). 



Rods: Short, thick, 1.0 to 1.5 by 4.0 to 

 8.0 microns, occurring singly and in pairs, 

 less frequently in short chains. Non- 

 motile. Spores oval, central to excentric, 

 not swelling rods. Encapsulated. Gram- 

 positive. 



Gelatin: Liquefied and blackened. 



Agar surface colonies (anaerobic ) : 

 Circular, moist, slightly raised, opaque 

 center, entire. 



Broth: Turbid; peptolytic. Clearing 

 with viscid sediment. 



Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated. Clot 

 torn with profuse gas formation, but not 

 digested. 



Potato: Thin, grayish-white streak; 

 gas in subtended liquid. 



Indole not formed. 



Nitrites produced from nitrates. 



Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, 

 galactose, mannose, maltose, lactose, 

 sucrose, xylose, trehalose, raffinose, 

 starch, glycogen and inositol. Mannitol 

 not fermented. Salicin rarely fer- 

 mented. Action on inulin and glycerol 

 variable. 



Coagulated albumin not liquefied. 



Blood serum not liquefied. 



Brain medium not blackened or di- 

 gested. 



Egg-meat : Profuse gas production in 8 

 hours. The meat is reddened and the 

 liquid becomes turbid. No digestion. 



Pathogenic for guinea pig, pigeon and 

 mouse. Produces an exotoxin for which 

 an antitoxin can be prepared. 



Optimum temperature 35°C to 37°C. 

 Can grow at 50°C. 



Anaerobic. 



Distinctive characters : Stormy fer- 

 mentation of milk, combined with non- 

 motility. 



Source: Gaseous gangrene, feces, milk 

 and soil. 



Habitat: Widely distributed in feces, 

 sewage and soil . 



25. Clostridium sphenoides (Bulloch 

 etal.) Bergey etal. {Bacillus sphenoides 

 Bulloch, Bulloch, Douglas, Henry, 

 Mcintosh, O'Brien, Robertson and Wolf, 

 Med. Res. Counc, Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 

 39, 1919, 43; Douglasillus sphenoides 

 Heller, Jour. Bact., 7, 1922, 5; Bergey 

 et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 331; Plectri- 

 dium sphenoides Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 

 61, 1938, 88.) From Greek, wedge- 

 shaped. 



Described from Bulloch et al., loc. 

 cit., as amplified by Hall, Jour. Inf. Dis., 

 30,1922,502. 



Rods: Small, fusiform in vegetative 

 state, occurring singly, in pairs and occa- 

 sionally in short chains. Sporulating 

 cells cuneate. Motile. Spores spheri- 

 cal, subterminal, becoming terminal on 



