852 



MANUAL OF DETERMINATIVE BACTERIOLOGY 



Illustrations: Zettnow, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 

 24, 1897, PI. II, fig. 49-52; Buder, lor. 

 cit., fig. 1; Szafer, loc. cit., PI. IV, tig. 4; 

 Hama, loc. cit., PI. 18, fig. 1, 8a; PI. 19, 

 fig. 1. . 



2. Thiospirillum sanguineum (Ehren- 

 berg) Winogradsky. {Ophido?nonas 

 sanguinea Ehrenberg, Verhandl. Akad. 

 Wiss. Berlin, 1840, 201; Spirillum san- 

 giiineum Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1, Heft 

 3, 1875, 169; Winogradsky, Schwefel- 

 bacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 104.) From 

 Latin sanguineus, blood-colored, red. 



Cells: Cylindrical, sometimes attenu- 

 ated at ends, spirally coiled; 2.5 to 4.0 

 microns in width, commonly about 40 

 microns long with a range of from 10 to 

 100 microns. Size and shape of coils 

 variable, complete turns measuring from 

 15 to 40 microns in length and from § to 

 1/10 of the length in width. Polar flagel- 

 late, usually tufted at both ends. In- 

 dividual cells rose-red with a grajnsh 

 hue, groups of cells deep red. Sulfur 

 droplets numerous under appropriate 

 conditions. 



Habitat: Mud and stagnant water 

 containing hydrogen sulfide and exposed 

 to light; rarely in sulfur springs. 



Illustrations: Cohn, loc. cit., PI. VI, 

 fig. 15; Warming, Vidensk. Meddel, 

 naturhist. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, 

 PI. VII, fig. 8; Buder, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 

 56, 1915, 534, fig. 2. 



3. Thiospirillum violaceum (Warming) 

 Winogradsky. (Spirilhun violaceum 

 Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. naturhist. 

 Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, 395; Wino- 

 gradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 

 1888, 104.) From Latin violaceus, violet- 

 colored. 



Cells: Short and fat, 3 to 4 by 8 to 

 10 microns, ends smoothly rounded. 

 Slightly curved, bean- or vibrio-shaped. 

 Only rarely are they twisted suggesting 

 a spirillum. Polarly flagellated. 



The shape of cell seems to fit the genus 

 Chromatium rather than Thiospirillum 



and Warming {toe. cit.) emphasizes the 

 I'esemblance to Chromatium okenii. 



Color bluish-violet; this color may be 

 related to a scarcity of sulfur droplets 

 in the cells. 



Habitat: Mud and stagnant water. 



Illustration: Warming, loc. cit., PI. 

 VII, fig. 3. 



4. Thiospirillum rosenbergii (Warm- 

 ing) Winogradsky. {Spirillum rosen- 

 bergii Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. na- 

 turhist. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, 346; 

 Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leip- 

 zig, 1888, 104.) Named for the Danish 

 algologist, Rosenberg. 



Cells: 1.5 to 2.5 by 4 to 12 microns; 

 coiled, with turns of about 6 to 7.5 mi- 

 crons in length and variable width up 

 to 3 or 4 microns. Color very dark, due 

 to numerous sulfur globules. Color of 

 protoplasm not recorded. 



Habitat: Mud and stagnant water 

 containing hydrogen sulfide and ex- 

 posed to light. 



Distribution: Probably ubiquitous, 

 but less frequently recorded as the 

 organism is not as spectacular as the 

 large Thiospirillum jcncnse and Thio- 

 spirilluni sanguineum. 



Illustration: Warming, loc. cit., PI. X, 

 fig. 12. 



5. Thiospirillum rufum (Perty) Mi- 

 gula. {Spirillum rufum Perty, Bern, 

 1852, 179; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt. 2, 1900, 

 1050.) From Latin rufus, red, reddish. 



General characteristics presumably 

 those of the genus, although it does not 

 appear either from Perty's description, 

 or from those of Migula {loc. cit.) , Baven- 

 damm (Die farblosen und roten Schwe- 

 felbakterien Jena, 1924, 132) and Huber- 

 Pestalozzi (Die Binnengewasser, 16, 

 Heft 1, Das Phytoplankton des Siiss- 

 wassers, Stuttgart, 1938, 304) that the 

 cells ever contain sulfur globules. Only 

 the red color is emphasized. Conse- 

 quently, it is ciuite possible that this 



