1230 



MANUAL OF DETERMINATIVE BACTERIOLOGY 



Induced disease : In chicken, hyper- 

 plastic nodular lesions of the skin, diph- 

 theritic membranes in mouth and throat, 

 discharges from eyes and nose ; nodules 

 eventually dry up and fall off, usually 

 without leaving scars. Inclusion bodies, 

 known as Bollinger bodies, believed to 

 represent aggregates of minute Borrel 

 bodies or virus particles, leave much 

 grayish-white ash when incinerated ; 

 break readily after digestion by 1 per cent 

 trypsin in 0.2 per cent sodium bicarbon- 

 ate. Borrel bodies coccoid, 0.25 microns 

 in diameter. On chorioallantoic mem- 

 brane of chick embryo, proliferation and 

 hyperplasia, or necrosis. 



Transmission: By contact, perhaps 

 through wound infection. By blood- 

 sucking dipterous insects. Experimen- 

 tally, by scarification of skin or buccal 

 mucosa; by intravenous, intradermal, 

 subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intra- 

 peritoneal inoculation. May be passed 

 in series by nasal instillation in chickens, 

 obvious mucosal changes occurring only 

 occasionally. Experimentally, by mos- 

 quitoes (CULICIDAE), Aedes aegypti 

 L., A. slimvlans Walker, A. vexans 

 Meigen (as long as 27 days from time of 

 feeding on infective material), and Cidex 

 pipiens L. (indefinitely after infective 

 feeding, as long as the individual mos- 

 quito lives) ; in C. pipiens, the virus has 

 been found also under natural conditions. 



Serological relationships : Neutralizing 

 and elementary-body-agglutinating anti- 

 sera specific. Antivaccinial serum from 

 rabbit ineffective against fowl-pox virus, 

 although neutralizing vaccinia virus. 



Immunological relationships : No cross 

 immunity with respect to vaccinia virus 

 in the chicken. 



Thermal inactivation : At 60° C in 8 

 minutes ; at 56° C in 30 minutes. 



Filterability : Passes Berkefeld V, not 

 Chamberland L2, filter candle. 



Other properties : Drying at room tem- 

 perature in vacvo does not inactivate. 

 Viable after storage at least 24 months 

 at to 4° C, dry. 



Strains: A strain known as Kikuth's 



canary virus has been studied in some 

 detail. When introduced into the rabbit 

 it induces formation of neutralizing anti- 

 bodies that react strongly with homol- 

 ogous virus, moderately against fowl-pox 

 virus. Antivaccinial serum is ineffective 

 against it. In canaries, it induces pro- 

 liferation of dermal epithelium with 

 cytoplasmic inclusions, the inflammatory 

 process being characterized by predom- 

 inantly mononuclear cells with vacuo- 

 lated cytoplasm; in the lung there is 

 massive accumulation of large mononu- 

 clear cells containing the specific cyto- 

 plasmic inclusions; the disease is regu- 

 larly fatal. Passes Berkefeld N filter. 

 Size estimated as 120 millimicrons by 

 centrifugation. (Bechhold and Schles- 

 inger, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 115, 1933, 354- 

 357; Burnet, Jour. Path, and Bact., 37, 

 1933, 107-122; Burnet and Lush, Brit. 

 Jour. Exp. Path., 17, 1936, 302-307; 

 Gaede, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 135, 

 1935, 342-346; Kikuth and Gollub, ibid., 

 125, 1932, 313-320.) 



Literature: Andervont, Am. Jour. 

 Hyg., 6, 1926, 719-754 ; Brandly and Dun- 

 lap, Jour. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 95, 1939, 

 340-349; Brandly et al.. Am. Jour. Vet. 

 Res., 3, 1941, 190-192; Brody, Cornell 

 Agr. Exp. Sta. (Ithaca). Memoir 195, 

 1936; Buddingh, Jour. Exp. Med., 67, 

 1938, 933-940; Burnet and Lush, Brit. 

 Jour. Exp. Path., 17, 1936, 302-307; 

 Danks, Am. Jour. Path., 8, 1932, 711-716; 

 Findlay, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, 

 102, 1928, 354-379; Goodpasture and A. 

 M. Woodruff, Am. Jour. Path., 6, 1930, 

 699-712; Goodpasture and C. E. Wood- 

 ruff, ibid., 7, 1931, 1-8; Irons, Am. Jour. 

 Hyg., 20, 1934, 329-351 ; Kligler and Ash- 

 ner, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 28, 

 1931, 463-465; Kligler et al., Jour. Exp. 

 Med., 49, 1929, 649-660; Ledingham, 

 Lancet, 221, 1931 {2), 525-526; Ludford 

 and Findlay, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., 7 

 1926, 256-264; Matheson et al, Poultry 

 Science, 10, 1931, 211-223; Megrail, Am. 

 Jour. Hyg., 9, 1929, 462-465; Nelson, 

 Jour. Exp. Med., 74, 1941, 203-212; A. M. 

 Woodruff, and Goodpasture, Am. Jour. 



