weed] 



LIVINGSTON TO CINNABAR. 333 



are exposed, overlain by the lighter shales and shaly limestones of the 



Niobrara, while the leaden clays of the Fort Pierre form the southern 

 part of the mountain. Fossils, though not abundant, may be found. 

 The Pox Hills is shaly and is overlaid by the lit hologically distinct 

 sandstones of the Laramie, in which the coal seams 37 worked at Ilorr 

 are located. The coal is of excellent quality, occurs in a number of 

 seams, and makes a remarkably pure and firm coke. To the southward 

 the sharp summit of Electric Leak is seen, Cinnabar Mountain being 

 but the northern end of a long Spur of that peak. Across the river the 

 Coal Measures of the Laramie dip steeply eastward and are covered by 

 a sheet of modern basalt. A few openings show the same coal scams 

 here as at Horr. 



GlaoiaMon of the Yellowstone odUey. — The local glaciers formerly 

 abundant in the Rocky Mountain Cordillera attained an unusually 

 extensive development on the plateaus and encircling ranges of the Yel- 

 lowstone Park. and. as will he shown in the account of that region, sent 

 glaciers down the valleys that drained the highlands in every direction. 

 Along the northern border two streams of ice. pushing northward, found 

 an outlet for their united flow down the valleys of the Yellowstone 

 River, and have left impressive evidences of their power and magnitude 

 that at once attract the attention of the observant traveler. 3 " These 

 memorials of the vanished glacier present several features of interest 

 not common in this portion of the Cordillera. The mountain valleys of 

 the Yellowstone were carved out before their occupancy by ice. and the 

 ice stream expanded in its lower portion, producing morainal heapings 

 closely resembling those of the continental type. True mountain 

 moraines, both lateral ami terminal, and formed of angular debris, occur 

 in tributary gulches cat in the Snowy range to the east, but they are 

 entirely lacking in the valley proper. Westward the ice sheet crowded 

 upon the flanks of the Gallatin range and left Archean and Paleozoic 

 boulders resting upon the volcanic rocks. 



On emerging from the gorge south of Livingston the train skirts the 

 margin of an alluvial bottom, inclosed by stream terraces cut in the 

 old overwash plain of the glacier. The glacial gravels have been largely 

 re-sorted and form benches that are susceptible of cultivation when 

 irrigated. To the east, local moraines formed by small glaciers from 

 lateral gorges may be seen thinking the valley. From Brisbin to 

 Chicory the higher terrace is part of the original overwash plain, some- 

 what modified where the larger mountain streams debouch into the 

 valley. Seen from the railroad, its characteristic gentle slope and 

 gravelly surface can be distinguished, but jast before reaching Chicory 

 the steej) hummocks of the moraine may be seen rising abruptly from 

 the terrace. These hills are from 15 to 25 feet in height, their slopes 

 covered with boulders and gravel; they mark the extreme northward 



