WEED .] LIVINGSTON TO CINNABAR. 



335 



is clear that it is due to the diversion of the drainage from the moun- 

 tain slopes to the west by the ice, the resulting marginal streams cut- 

 ting the terraces. In certain cases these streams have cut remarkable 

 canyons transversely across the slopes; in some instances, a mile or so 

 long and 50 feet deep. Both canyons and terraces are confined to 

 the", hilt covered area, whose topography is in strong contrast to the 

 un glaciated slope above. 



The valley moraine is of the kame type, and does not extend up to 

 the bounding slopes upon which scattered erratics alone are found. 

 This valley moraine is formed of more or less waterworn or subangular 

 material, and differs from the angular debris forming the usual types 

 Of lateral mountain moraines. Such a moraine is seen at the south 

 end of the valley near the mouth of Yankee Jim canyon and was 

 formed during the retreat of the ice. 



Yankee .Mm canyon is an ice-cut gorge whose polished walls are 

 emphatic witness to the magnitude and power of the ancient glacier. 

 Upon these glaciated surfaces blocs perches can be seen at every favora- 

 ble point. "Not only did the ice fill this gorge to the brim, but the 

 erratics on Dome mountain to the east and the higher slopes to the 

 west show that it was here 3,000 feet thick and filled the adjacent val- 

 leys. 



Cinnabar mountain was completely buried beneath the ice, and blocks 

 of sedimentary rocks from its summit were carried southward and down 

 the valley. Huge erratics of granite are abundant above the canyon 

 and dot the slopes inclosing Cinnabar valley, but here the crowding of 

 ice from Bear gulch, the Yellowstone and Gardiner rivers, and Cache 

 creek has left a confused record. It is. strictly speaking, the begin- 

 ning of the Yellowstone glacier, and from here southward glacial 

 detritus and glacial sculpture will be observed throughout the park, 

 an account of which is given in the chapter on that region. 



