888 A Monograph of the species of Wild Sheep. [No. 119. 



cum pectore brachiisque capillato, cauda elongata extremitate villosa ; 

 facie non convexsl, — ut in omnibus speciebus aliis, sinibusque suborbi- 

 talibus nullis. Faemina semper (?) cornuta, cornibusque fortioribus 

 quam in fseminis specierum hujus generis caeterarum, quae saepe non 

 cornutae sunt, sed plurimae cornua parva, tenuissiraa, et compressiora 

 ferunt, quae in maribus junioribus aut curvata sunt, aut saepe rectiora. 

 Habitat apud Africae septentrionalis montes rupestres. 



A connected view of the species of Lichens, with their Botanical rela- 

 tionship existing between them and the Indian productions. By 

 Henry Cope, Esq. 



Henry Torrens, Esq. 



Secy. Asiatic Society. 

 Dear Sir, 

 As many of the Lichens which are indigenous to the Himalayan range, 

 are closely allied by generic or (less proximate) family characters to the 

 different species which have been used in Europe in the arts, or as arti- 

 cles of food for men or animals, it may perhaps be useful to present 

 to the Society and those of its Members, who are interested in the 

 subject, a connected view of those species, as the Botanical relation- 

 ship which exists between them and the Indian productions, may lead 

 to further investigation. I am indebted to Sir W. J. Hooker's sequel 

 to the English Flora, for the chief portion of what I have now the honor to 

 submit. 



The Lichens of England, which with those of Europe generally, have even 

 a closer affinity as regard their Botanical characters with those of the 

 Himalayas, than the more conspicuous portions of vegetable producti- 

 ons, are divided by Hooker into seventeen families, comprising thirty-nine 

 genera, of which eleven are distributed through seven families, exhibit spe- 

 cies useful to man or beast ; and it is an interesting fact that of these eleven, 

 five belong to our family, the Umbilicarieee, and that to this same family 

 appertain the species most frequently found in the Himalayas. 



As, however. Dr. Hooker's notes will be more interesting than any obser- 

 vations of mine, I shall proceed at once to extract them, commencing with 



