1050 Grammar ^ Vocabulary of the Caskmiri Language. [No. 120. 



General Observations on the Verbs. 



The negative is formed by adding na in all tenses except the common 

 imperative ; and in compound tenses it is added to the auxiliary, not the 

 participle, for the auxiliary and participle may be separated and dislo- 

 cated at pleasure, chhus na kordn or kordn chhus na. The interrogative 

 is formed by adding 2ifatha to a silent consonant or a dissimilar vowel. 

 If the vowel be fatha it is lengthened into d, the expletive ma is some- 

 times used, if negative interrogative nd is used instead of na. 



In the imperative m or ma is prefixed instead of n affixed, except in the 

 imperative in zi, when na is used as usual. 



Intransitive verbs agree with their nominative in number, person, and 

 gender. 



Transitive verbs agree with their object and nominative in gender, 

 number and person, with their agent in number and person, but not in 

 gender in the past tenses, i. e. of the second mode as, 



A man called a woman A man called a man 



Mahnivi manjin zandna Mahnavi mangan mahnyu 



A woman called a woman A woman called a man 



Zandni manjin zanana Zanani mangan mahnyu 



The passive is formed by declining Yun, to come, with the passive 

 participle in " mut." 



The causal verb is formed by adding " ndwun" to the root, as sherun, 

 to adorn ; sherndwun, " cause to adorn." 



